be full of enjoyment, and, to many, of the occasions of great intellectual developement; but which, to the greater number, must be a portion of life perfectly heterogeneous with all the rest;-a scene governed by its own principles, these being such as can by no means be admitted into the general business of society,

We shall now consider some of the rules and arrangements which thus constitute the Discipline of the English Universities. Each University, in its collective capacity, has its institutions and rules constructed with reference to the preservation of good manners, morals, and religion; but I shall speak principally of the discipline of the English Colleges; since I shall thus sufficiently bring into view the principles of the subject,

SECT. 2.-OF COLLEGE MANNERS,

WHAT the manners of Colleges were intended and expected to be by the founders of Colleges, I cannot show better than by a few extracts from the Statutes of Trinity College, Cambridge; and especially from the chapter," De modestiâ et morum honestate colendâ."

"Whereas there is nothing which more adorns men of letters than modesty and purity of manners; we therefore decree and ordain, that all inferiors behave themselves towards their superiors in a submiss and reverent manner;-the Scholars towards the Bachelors, the Bachelors towards the Masters of

Arts, these towards Bachelors and Doctors of Divinity, and all towards the Master as the supreme governor, and also towards the eight Seniors as fathers and leaders. And if any shall be shown to have offended in this point, let them be punished according to the will of the Master, or, in his absence, of the Vice-Master and Senior Dean. Let none of the Bachelors or Scholars go into the town without taking some one with him to be, as it were, the witness of his proper conduct: let no one in the hall, in the court, or elsewhere within the College, neglect to take off his cap in the presence of a Master of Arts, or one of higher degree. And if any one be found to have gone into the town alone, for the first offence let him be deprived of one week's commons; for the second, of two weeks; for the third, of a month; for the fourth, by the consent of the Master and eight Seniors, or the greater part of them, let him be removed from College. But Bachelors who have finished the second year after their degree, we allow to go into the town without a companion. Let no one of the Fellows, or of the Scholars, or of the other residents, frequent houses suspected, or of ill name; and if after two admonitions from the Master, he abstains not, let him lose the College in the manner above described. Let the authors of domestic sedition, detraction, dissension, or wrangle, for the first offence lose a month's commons; for the second, three months; for the third, let them, as we have said, be expelled from the College. We also decree, ordain, and exhort, that the Master, Fellows, Scholars, and

other residents in the College, do use their utmost endeavour to nourish, cherish, and preserve concord, unity, peace, and mutual charity; and avoid, in word and deed, scurrility, ribaldry, scoffs, whisperings, reproaches, and scandals. (Scurrilitatem, obscœna verba, scommata, susurros, probra, scandala, verbo et facto vitent.) Let no one keep dogs, ferrets, hawks, or singing birds, in the College; nor be immoderately given to hunting or hawking; and if any one transgress, let him be punished as above." In the same manner, it is directed that no one shall spend the night elsewhere than in his chamber; or dine or sup in his chambers, except with the permission of the master; or go without his cap and gown; or depart out of College without leave granted; with many similar rules. And again, (De Cubiculorum Distributione):-" We will and decree that each person conduct himself with propriety in his own chamber; and do not, by immoderate clamour, or loud laughter, or singing, or noise, or dancing, or musical instruments, keep his neighbour from sleep, quiet, or study; and also that he abstain from late revels and from potations." And with like views, it is provided that no Bachelor, Scholar, Pensioner, or Sizer, be without a Tutor; and not only the relation of Tutor and Pupil is described in the way we have already noticed (p. 55), but it is directed that all the bills due to the College shall be paid by the Tutor.

It may be asked whether these rules have been observed, and what the effect has been. And to this we answer, that both in this, and in other Col

leges of the English Universities, these and similar rules have been in force, in a great measure literally; while in other cases, where the change of circumstances and manners required a modification of the forms, the spirit and tendency has been preserved, and in all well-conducted Colleges has regulated the temper and principles of their usual proceedings. We may add, also, that the effects of this discipline have been in the highest degree beneficial; and have shown that such a system, if earnestly and faithfully administered, may, in a great measure, lead to a general prevalence of that respectful temper, that moral character, those good manners and orderly habits, at which it aims.

The impression made on the disposition by such a system of discipline, is stronger than might be expected by most persons. Even tempers of great levity and stubbornness, if they are met at every turn of their extravagant and self-willed motions with the calm, but severe countenance of a system of rules like these,-imposing punishment for transgression, so long as it can be ascribed to thoughtlessness, but pointing constantly to the door if transgression is persisted in ;—are awed and tamed; and in a little while moulded to their condition: while the great body of young Englishmen, of the condition of those who come to the Universities, conform, with a generous obedience of spirit, to rules which are the very essence of the institution in which they are placed, and of which all the better natures among them see and feel the value. I am quite persuaded that no

one could become acquainted with the temper of the students of our Universities towards their College discipline, and towards those who administer it, without forming a strong affection and admiration for them, and a steady hope and trust in the beneficial influence of the College system upon their manners, temper, and practical character.

How, indeed, should it be otherwise, considering what is the origin and the previous condition of our students? The youth of England, those whose childhood has been nurtured in the homes of England; who come to us from the arms of English mothers, and from the side of English sisters; whose memory is stored with the history, and with the poetry, and with the prayers of their native land; these are not men to bring to us a churlish and captious spirit, looking for and finding nothing but evil in the body in which they are placed. These are not men to set themselves in array against the mild and equal restraints of beneficial rules;-these are not men to think resistance and insurrection glorious, against laws and authorities, however necessary. Who can suppose that Englishmen are not ready to conform to a wise system of discipline, to enter into it with all their hearts, and by this means to bring forth the very utmost strength of their strenuous national character, -who can suppose this, that looks at what they have done and do, in this very manner, in our army, and in that unparalleled example of the combined force of strong character and rigorous rule, our navy? I have not the smallest doubt that the full and cheerful