was as fond of acting as Goethe, and like him began with a puppet | exceptional circumstances, to put duty before inclination and to stage, succeeded by amateur theatricals, the chief entertainment provided for her guests at Nohant. Undaunted by many failures, she dramatized several of her novels with moderate successFrançois le champi, played at the Odéon in 1849, and Les Beaux Messieurs de Bois-Doré (1862) were the best;.Claudie, produced in 1851, is a charming pastoral play, and Le Marquis de Villemer (1864) (in which she was helped by Dumas fils) was a genuine triumph. Her statue by Clésinger was placed in the foyer of the Théâtre Français in 1877.

Of George Sand's style a foreigner can be but an imperfect judge, but French critics, from Sainte-Beuve, Nisard and Caro down to Jules Lemaître and Faguet, have agreed to praise her spontaneity, her correctness of diction, her easy opulence-the lactea uberlas that Quintilian attributes to Livy. The language of her country novels is the genuine patois of middle France rendered in a literary form. Thus in La Petite Fadette, by the happy device of making the hemp dresser the narrator, she speaks (to quote Sainte-Beuve) as though she had on her right the unlettered rustic and on her left a member of the Académie, and made herself the interpreter between the two. She hits the happy mean between the studied archaism of Courier's Daphnis et Cloe and the realistic patois of the later kailyard novel which for Southerners requires a glossary. Of her style generally the characteristic quality is fluidity. She has all the abandon of an Italian improvisatore, the simplicity of a Bernardin de St Pierre without his mawkishness, the sentimentality of a Rousseau without his. egotism, the rhythmic eloquence of a Chateaubriand without his grandiloquence.

uphold the reign of law and order. Both passed through phases of faith, but while even Positivism did not cool George Eliot's innate religious fervour, with George Sand religion was a passing experience, no deeper than her republicanism and less lasting than her socialism, and she lived and died a gentle savage. Rousseau's Confessions was the favourite book of both (as it was of Emerson), but George Eliot was never converted by the high priest of sentimentalism into a belief in human perfectibility and a return to nature. As a thinker George Eliot is vastly superior; her knowledge is more profound and her psychological analysis subtler and more scientific. But as an artist, in unity of design, in harmony of treatment, in purity and simplicity of language, so felicitous and yet so unstudied, in those qualities which make the best of George Sand's novels masterpieces of art, she is as much her inferior.

Mr Francis Gribble has summed up her character in" a scornful, insular way" as a light woman. A truer estimate is that of Sainte-Beuve, her intimate friend for more than thirty years, but never her lover. "In the great crises of action her intellect, her heart and her temperament are at one. She is a thorough woman, but with none of the pettinesses, subterfuges, and mental reservations of her sex; she loves wide vistas and boundless horizons and instinctively seeks them out; she is concerned for universal happiness and takes thought for the improvement of mankind-the last infirmity and most innocent mania of generous souls. Her works are in very deed the echo of our times. Wherever we were wounded and stricken her heart bled in sympathy, and all our maladies and miseries evoked from her a lyric wail."

plus de calme," was her last prayer, and her dying words, " Ne détruisez pas la verdure."

As a painter of nature she has much in common with Words- George Sand died at Nohant on the 8th of June 1876. To worth. She keeps her eye on the object, but adds, like Words- a youth and womanhood of storm and stress had succeeded an worth, the visionary gleam, and receives from nature but what old age of serene activity and then of calm decay. Her nights she herself gives. Like Wordsworth she lays us on the lap of were spent in writing, which seemed in her case a relaxation from earth and sheds the freshness of the early world. She, too, had the real business of the day, playing with her grandchildren, found love in huts where poor men dwell, and her miller, her gardening, conversing with her visitors-it might be Balzac bagpipers, her workers in mosaic are as faithful renderings in or Dumas, or Octave Feuillet or Matthew Arnold-or writing prose of peasant life and sentiment as Wordsworth's leech-long letters to Sainte-Beuve and Flaubert. "Calme, toujours gatherer and wagoners and gleaners are in verse. Her psychology is not subtle or profound, but her leading characters are clearly conceived and drawn in broad, bold outlines. No one has better understood or more skilfully portrayed the artistic temperament-the musician, the actor, the poet-and no French writer before her had so divined and laid bare the heart of a girl. She works from within outwards, touches first the mainspring and then sets it to play. As Mr Henry James puts it, she interviews herself. Rarely losing touch of earth, and sometimes of the earth earthy, she is still at heart a spiritualist. Her final word on herself rings true, "Toujours tourmentée des choses divines." Unlike Victor Hugo and Balzac, she founded no school, though Fromentin, Theuriet, Cherbuliez, Fabre and Bazin might be claimed as her collateral descendants. In Russia her influence has been greater. She directly inspired Dostoievski, and Turgenieff owes much to her. In England she has found her warmest admirers. Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote sonnets to "the large-brained woman and large-hearted man, self-named George Sand." To Thackeray her diction recalled the sound of village bells falling sweetly and softly on the ear, and it sent a shiver through John Stuart Mill, like a symphony of Haydn or Mozart. Leslie Stephen advised Thomas Hardy, then an aspiring contributor to the Cornhill, to read George Sand, whose country stories seemed to him perfect. The harmony and grace, even if strictly inimitable, are good to aim at." He pronounced the Histoire de ma vie about the best biography he had ever read. F. W. H. Myers claimed her as anima naturaliter Christiana and the inspired exponent of the religion of the future.

George Eliot by her very name invites and challenges com. parison with George Sand. But it was as a humble follower, not as a rival, that she took George Sand as sponsor. Both women broke with social conventions, but while George Sand (if the expression may be allowed) kicked over the traces, George Eliot was impelled all the more emphatically, because of her

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-The collected edition of George Sand's works was published in Paris (1862-1883) in 96 volumes, with supplement 109 volumes; the Histoire de ma vie appeared in 20 volumes in 1854-1855. The Etude bibliographique sur les œuvres de George Sand by "le bibliophile Isaac" (vicomte de Spoelberck) (Brussels, 1868) gives the most complete bibliography. Of Vladimir Karenin's (pseudonym of Mme Komarova) George Sand, the most complete life, the first two volumes (1899-1901) carry the life down to 1839. There is much new material in George Sand et sa fille, by S. Rocheblaye (1905), Correspondance de G. Sand et d'Alfred de Musset (Brussels, 1904). Correspondance entre George Sand et Gustave Flaubert (1904), and Lettres à Alfred de Musset et à Sainte-Beuve (1897). E. M. Caro's George Sand (1887) is rather a critique than a life. Lives by Mire court (1855) and by Haussonville (1878) may also be consulted. Of the numerous shorter studies may be mentioned those of SainteBeuve in the Causeries du lundi and in Portraits contemporains; Jules Lemaitre in Les Contemporains, vol. iv.; E. Faguet, XIX Siècle; F. W. H. Myers, Essays Ancient and Modern (1883); Henry James in North American Review (April 1902); Matthew Arnold, Mixed Essays (1879). See also René Doumic's George Sand (1909), which has been translated into English by Alys Hallard as George (F. S.) Sand: Some Aspects of her Life and Writings (1910).

SAND. When rocks or minerals are pulverized by any agencies, natural or artificial, the products may be classified as gravels, sands and muds or clays, according to the size of the individual particles. If the grains are so fine as to be impalpable (about

in. in diameter) the deposit may be regarded as a mud or clay; if many of them are as large as peas the rock is a gravel. Sands may be uniform when they have been sorted out by some agency such as a gentle current of water or the wind blowing steadily across smooth arid lands, but usually they vary much both in the coarseness of their grains and in their mineral composition. The great source of natural sands is the action of the atmosphere, frost, rain, plants and other agencies in breaking up the surfaces of rocks and reducing them to the condition of fine powder; in other words sands are ordinarily the product of the agencies of denudation operating on the rocks of the earth's

eels destroy a great quantity of fry and other small creatures, such as the lancelet (Amphioxus), which lives in similar localities. They are excellent eating, and are much sought after for bait. They are captured by small meshed seines, as well as by digging in the sand. The eggs of sand-eels are small, heavier than sea-water and slightly adhesive. they are scattered among the grains of sand in which the fishes live, and the larvae and young at various stages of growth may be taken with the row-net in sandy bays in summer.

Orthographie (1856; 4th ed., 1878), and was an active member of the
orthographical conference in Berlin in 1876. He published a trans-
lation in verse of the Song of Songs(1866), and wrote some poems for the
young, Heitere Kinderwel! (1868). In 1887 he founded the Zeitschrift
fur die deutsche Sprache, which he conducted almost down to his
death at Altstrelitz on the 11th of March 1897.

See Friedrich Düsel, Daniel Sanders (1886; 2nd ed., 1890); A.
Segert-Stein, Daniel Sanders, ein Gedenkbuch (1897).

SANDERS, NICHOLAS (c. 1530-1581), Roman Catholic agent
and historian, born about 1530 at Charlwood, Surrey, was a
son of William Sanders, once sheriff of Surrey, who was descended
from the Sanders of Sanderstead. Educated at Winchester
and New College, Oxford, he was elected fellow in 1548 and
graduated B C.L. in 1551. The family had strong Catholic
leanings, and two of Nicholas's sisters, who must have been much
older than he was, became nuns of Sion convent before its dis-
solution. Nicholas was selected to deliver the oration at the
reception of Cardinal Pole's visitors by the university in 1557,
and soon after Elizabeth's accession he went to Rome where he
was befriended by Pole's confidant, Cardinal Morone; he also

owed much to the generosity of Sir Francis Englefield (qv).
of 1550, mentioned as a likely candidate for the cardinal's hat.
He was ordained priest at Rome, and was, even before the end
For the next few years he was employed by Cardinal Hosius,
the learned Polish prelate, in his efforts to check the spread of
heresy in Poland, Lithuania and Prussia. In 1565, like many
other English exiles, he made his headquarters at Louvain, and
after a visit to the Imperial Diet at Augsburg in 1566, in
attendance upon Commendone, who had been largely instru-
mental in the reconciliation of England with Rome in Mary's
reign, he threw himself into the literary controversy between
Bishop Jewel (qv) and Harding. His De visibili Monarchia
Ecclesiae, published in 1571, contains the first narrative of the
and its strenuous defence of Pius V.'s bull excommunicating
sufferings of the English Roman Catholics. Its extreme papalism
and deposing Elizabeth marked out Sanders for the enmity of the
English government, and he retaliated with lifelong efforts
to procure the deposition of Elizabeth and restoration of Roman
Catholicism.

Sand-eels are common in the N. Atlantic, a species scarcely
distinct from the European common sand-launce occurs on the
Pacific side of N. America, another on the E. coast of S Africa. On
the British coasts three species are found. the greater sand-eel
(Ammodytes lanceolatus), distinguished by a tooth-like bicuspid
prominence on the vomer, the common sand-launce (A tobianus),
from 5 to 7 in. long, with unarmed vomer, even dorsal fin, and with
the integuments folded, and the southern sand-launce (A siculus),
with unarmed vomer, smooth skin, and with the margins of the dorsal
and anal fins undulated The last species is common in the Mediter-
ranean, but local farther N. It has been found near the Shetlands
at depths from 80 to 100 fathoms.
SANDEFJORD, the oldest and most famous spa in Norway,
in Jarlsberg-Laurvik amt (county), 86 m. SS W. of Christiania
by the Skien railway. Pop. (1900) 4847. The springs are
sulphurous, saline and chalybeate. Specimens of jaettegryder
or giant's cauldrons may be seen at Gaardaasen and Vindalsbugt,
some upwards of 23 ft. in depth.
SANDEMAN, SIR ROBERT GROVES (1835-1892), Indian
officer and administrator, was the son of General Robert Turnbull
Sandeman, and was born on the 25th of February 1835. He
was educated at Perth and St Andrews University, and joined
the 33rd Bengal Infantry in 1856. When that regiment was
disarmed at Phillour by General Nicholson during the Mutiny
in 1857, he took part in the final capture of Lucknow as adjutant
of the 11th Bengal Lancers. After the suppression of the
Mutiny he was appointed to the Punjab Commission by Sir
John Lawrence. In 1866 he was appointed district officer of
Dera Ghazi Khan, and there first showed his capacity in dealing
with the Baluch tribes. He was the first to break through the
close-border system of Lord Lawrence, by extending British
influence to the independent tribes beyond the border. In his
hands this policy worked admirably, owing to his tact in manag-
ing the tribesmen and his genius for control. In 1876 he negoti-
ated the treaty with the khan of Kalat, which subsequently's death in 1572, and Sanders spent the next few years at Madrid
His expectations of the cardinalate were disappointed by Pius
governed the relations between Kalat and the Indian govern-
trying to embroil Philip II., who gave him a pension of 300 ducats,
ment; and in 1877 he was made agent to the governor-general in open war with Elizabeth. "The state of Christendom," he wrote,
in Baluchistan, an office which he held till his death. During
the second Afghan War in 1878 his influence over the tribesmen
was of the utmost importance, since it enabled him to keep
intact the line of communications with Kandahar, and to control
the tribes after the British disaster at Maiwand. For these
services he was made K.C.S.I. in 1879. In 1889 he occupied the
Zhob valley, a strategic advantage which opened the Gomal
Pass through the Waziri country to caravan traffic. Sandeman's
system was not so well suited to the Pathan as to his Baluch
heighbour. But in Baluchistan he was a pioneer, a pacificator
and a successful administrator, who converted that country
from a state of complete anarchy into a province as orderly
as any in British India. He died at Bela, the capital of Las
Bela state, on the 29th of January 1892, and there he lies buried

under a handsome tomb.

See T. H. Thornton, Sir Robert Sandeman (1895); and R. I.

Bruce, The Forward Policy (1900).

SANDERS, DANIEL (1819-1896), German lexicographer, was born on the 12th of November 1819 at Altstrelitz in Mecklenburg, of Jewish parentage. He was educated at the " Gymnasium Carolinum" in the neighbouring capital Neustrelitz, and the universities of Berlin and Halle, where he took the degree of doctor philosophiae. From 1842 to 1852 he conducted with success the school at Altstrelitz.

In 1852 he subjected Grimm's Deutsches Wörterbuch to a rigorous examination, and as a result published his dictionary of the German language, Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (3 vols., 1859-1865). This was followed by his Ergänzungswörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (1878-1885). Among others of his works in the same field are Fremdwörterbuch (Leipzig, 1871: 2nd ed., 1891), Wörterbuch der Hauptschwierigkeiten in der deutschen Sprache (1872; 22nd ed., 1892) and Lehrbuch der deutschen Sprache für Schulen (8th ed., 1888). Sanders laid down his views in his Katechismus der deutschen

dependeth upon the stout assailing of England." His ardent zeal
was sorely tried by Philip's cautious temperament; and Sir Thomas
Stukeley's projected Irish expedition, which Sanders was to have
accompanied with the blessings and assistance of the pope, was
diverted to Morocco where Stukeley was killed at the battle of Al
Kasr al Kebir in 1578. Sanders, however, found his opportunity in
the following year, when a force of Spaniards and Italians was de
spatched to Smerwick to assist James Fitzmaurice and his Geraldines
in stirring up an Irish rebellion The Spaniards were, however,
annihilated by Lord Grey in 1580, and after nearly two years of
wandering in Irish woods and bogs Sanders died of cold and starva-
tion in the spring of 1581 The English exiles were disgusted at the
waste of such material. "Our Sanders," they exclaimed, "is more
to us than the whole of Ireland." His writings have been the basis
of all Roman Catholic histories of the English Reformation. The
most important was his De Origine ac Progressu schismatis Anglicani,
which was continued after 1558 by Edward Rishton, and printed at
Cologne in 1585; it has been often re-edited and translated, the best
English edition being that by David Lewis (London, 1877). Its
statements earned Sanders the nickname of Dr Slanders in England;
but a considerable number of the "slanders" have been confirmed
by corroborative evidence, and others, e.g. his story that Ann Boleyn
was Henry VIII.'s own daughter, were simply borrowed by Sanders
from earlier writers. It is not a more untrustworthy account than
a vehement controversialist engaged in a life and death struggle
might be expected to write of his theological antagonists.
See Lewis's Introduction (1877); Calendars of Irish, Foreign and
Spanish State Papers, and of the Carew MSS.; Knox's Lellers of
Cardinal Allen; T. F. Kirby's Winchester Scholars; R. Bagwell's
Ireland under the Tudors; A. O. Meyer's England und die katholische
Kirche unter Königin Elisabeth (1910); and T. G. Law in Dict. Nat.
Biogr. i. 259-261 where a complete list of Sanders's writings is given.
(A. F. P.)

SANDERSON, ROBERT (1587-1663), English divine, was born
probably at Sheffield, Yorkshire, in September 1587. He was
educated at Rotherham grammar school and at Lincoln College,
Oxford, took orders in 1611, and was promoted successively

to several benefices. On the recommendation of Laud he was appointed one of the royal chaplains in 1631, and was a favourite preacher with the king, who made him regius professor of divinity at Oxford in 1642. The Civil War kept him from entering the office till 1646; and in 1648 he was ejected by the Parliamentary visitors. He recovered his position at the Restoration, was moderator at the Savoy Conference, 1661, and was promoted to the bishopric of Lincoln. He died two years later on the 29th of January 1663.

His most celebrated work is his Cases of Conscience, deliberate judgments upon points of morality submitted to him. They are distinguished by moral integrity, good sense and learning. His practice as a college lecturer in logic is better evidenced by than by his Compendium of Logic, first published in 1618. A complete edition of Sanderson's works (6 vols.) was edited by William Jacobson in 1854. It includes the Life by Izaak Walton, revised and enlarged.

these cases

SANDFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1294), archbishop of Dublin, was probably an illegitimate son of the baronial leader, Gilbert Basset (d. 1241), or of his brother Fulk Basset, bishop of London from 1241 until his death in 1259, a prelate who was prominent during the troubles of Henry III.'s reign. John was a nephew of Sir Philip Basset (d. 1271), the justiciar. He first appears as an official of Henry III. in Ireland and of Edward I. in both England and Ireland; he was appointed dean of St Patrick's, Dublin, in 1275. In 1284 he was chosen archbishop of Dublin in succession to John of Darlington; some, however, objected to this choice and Sandford resigned his claim; but was elected a second time while he was in Rome, and returning to Ireland was allowed to take up the office. In 1288, during a time of great confusion, the archbishop acted as governor of Ireland. In 1290 he resigned and returned to England. Sandford served Edward I. in the great case over the succession to the Scottish throne in 1292 and also as an envoy to the German king, Adolph of Nassau, and the princes of the Empire. On his return from Germany he died at Yarmouth on the 2nd of October 1294. Sandford's elder brother, Fulk (d. 1271), was also archbishop of Dublin. He is called Fulk de Sandford and also Fulk Basset owing to his relationship to the Bassets. Having been archdeacon of Middlesex and treasurer and chancellor of St Paul's Cathedral, London, he was appointed archbishop of Dublin by Pope Alexander IV. in 1256. He took some slight part in the government of Ireland under Henry III. and died at Finglas on the 4th of May 1271.

SANDGATE, a watering-place of Kent, England, on the S.E. coast, 1 m. W. of Folkestone, on the South-Eastern & Chatham railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 2023. It is connected with Hythe, 3 m. W., by a tramway belonging to the railway company. It is included in the parliamentary borough of Hythe. Sandgate Castle was built by Henry VIII., but on the formation of a camp here in 1806 it was considerably altered. The camp of Shorncliffe lies N. of the town on a plateau.

SAND-GROUSE, the name by which are commonly known the members of a small group of birds frequenting sandy tracts, and having their feet more or less clothed with feathers after the fashion of grouse (q.v.), to which they were originally thought to be closely allied; the species first described were by the earlier Their systematists invariably referred to the genus Tetrao. separation therefrom is due to C. J. Temminck, who made for them a distinct genus which he called Pterocles. Further investigation of the osteology and pterylosis of the sand-grouse revealed still greater divergence from the normal Gallinae (to which the true grouse belong), as well as several curious resemblances to the pigeons; and in the Zoological Society's Proceedings for 1868 (p. 303) T. H. Huxley proposed to regard them, under the name of Pteroclomorphae, as forming a group equivalent to the Alectoromorphae and Peristeromorphae. They are now 1 It seems to have been first used by J. Latham in 1783 (Synopsis, iv. p. 751) as the direct translation of the name Tetrao arenarius given by Pallas.

He states that he published this name in 1809; but hitherto research has failed to find it used until 1815.

་་

generally regarded as forming a separate sub-order Pterocles
of Charadriiform birds, allied to pigeons (see BIRDS).
The Pteroclidae consist of two genera-Pterocles, with about fifteen
species, and Syrrhaples, with two. Of the former, two species inhabit
Europe, P. arenarius, the sand-grouse proper, and that which is
usually called P. alchata, the pin-tailed sand-grouse. The European
range of the first is practically limited to Portugal, Spain and
S. Russia, while the second inhabits also the S. of France, where
it is generally known by its Catalan name of Ganga, or
locally as Grandaulo, or, strange to say, Perdrix d'Angleterre. Both
species are also abundant in Barbary, and have been believed to
extend E. through Asia to India, in most parts of which country
they seem to be only winter-visitants; but in 1880 M. Bogdanow
pointed out to the Academy of St Petersburg (Bulletin, xxvii. 164)
a slight difference of coloration between eastern and western examples
of what had hitherto passed as P. alchata; analogy would suggest
that a similar difference might be found in examples of P. arenarius.
India, moreover, possesses five other species of Pterocles, of which,
however, only one, P. fasciatus, is peculiar to Asia, while the others
inhabit Africa as well, and all the remaining species belong to the
Ethiopian region-onc, P. personalus, being peculiar to Madagascar,
and four occurring in or on the borders of the Cape Colony.
The genus Syrrhaptes, though in general appearance resembling
Pterocles, has a conformation of foot quite unique among birds, the
three anterior toes being encased in a common podotheca," which
is clothed to the claws with hairy feathers, so as to look much like
a fingerless glove. The hind toe is wanting. The two species of
Syrrhaples are S. tibetanus-the largest sand-grouse known-in-
habiting the country whence its trivial name is derived, and S.
paradoxus, ranging from N. China across Central Asia to the confines
of Europe, which it occasionally invades. Though its attempts at
colonization in the extreme W. have failed, it would seem to have
established itself in the neighbourhood of Astrakhan (Ibis, 1882, p.
220). It appears to be the Barguerlac" of Marco Polo (ed. Yule,
i. p 239); and the "Loung-Kio " or " Dragon's Foot," so unscientifi
cally described by the Abbé Huc (Souvenirs d'un Voyage dans la
Tartarie, i. p. 244), can scarcely be anything else than this bird.
The sand-grouse assimilates in general colour to that of the ground,
being above of a dull ochreous hue, more or less barred or mottled by
darker shades, while beneath it is frequently varied by belts of deep
brown intensifying into black. Lighter tints are, however, exhibited
by some species and streaks or edgings of an almost pure white relieve
the prevailing sandy or fawn-coloured hues that especially character-
ize the group. The sexes seem always to differ in plumage, that of
the male being the brightest and most diversified. The expression
is decidedly dove-like, and so is the form of the body, the long wings
contributing also to that effect, so that among Anglo-Indians these
birds are commonly known as rock-pigeons." The long wings,
the outermost primary of which in Syrrhaptes has its shaft produced
into an attenuated filament, are in all the species worked by ex-
ceedingly powerful muscles, and in several forms the middle rectrices
are likewise protracted and pointed, so as to give to their wearers the
name of Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse. The nest is a shallow hole in the
sand. Three seems to be the regular complement of eggs, but there
are writers who declare that the full number in some species is four.
These eggs are almost cylindrical in the middle and nearly alike at
each end, and are of a pale earthy colour, spotted, blotched or
marbled with darker shades, the markings being of two kinds, one
superficial and the other more deeply seated in the shell. The young
are hatched fully clothed in down (P.Z.S., 1866, pl. ix. fig. 2), and
appear to be capable of locomotion soon after birth. The remains of
an extinct species of Pterocles, P. sepultus, intermediate apparently
between P. alchata and P. gutturalis, have been recognized in the
Miocene caves of the Allier by A. Milne-Edwards (Ois. foss. de la
France, p. 294, pl. clxi., figs. 1-9); and, in addition to the other
authorities on this very interesting group of birds already_cited,
reference may be made to D. G. Elliot's Study" of the Family
(P.Z S., 1878, pp. 233-264) and H. F. Gadow," On Certain Points in
(A. N.)
the Anatomy of Pterocles" (op. cit., 1882, pp. 312-332).

SANDHURST, a town in the Wokingham parliamentary division of Berkshire, England, 9 m. N. of Aldershot. Pop. (1901) 2386. Two miles south-east of the town, near the villages of Cambridge Town and York Town, and the railway stations of Blackwater and Camberley on the South-Eastern and Chatham and South-Western lines, is the Sandhurst Royal Military College. It was settled here in 1812, having been already removed by its founder, the duke of York, from High Wycombe, where it was opened in 1799, to Great Marlow in 1802. It stands in beautiful grounds, which contain a large lake. Wellington College station on the South-Eastern branch line to Reading, near Sandhurst itself, serves Wellington College, one of the principal modern public schools of England, founded in memory

These were separated by Bonaparte (Comptes rendus, xlii. p. 880) as a distinct genus, Pteroclurus, which later authors have justly seen no reason to adopt.