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hope; Germany had been called on, and would not hear the voice of the charmer, charm he never so wisely. The sole object of the bombardment had been to give time for the newspapers to rouse the people into enthusiasm, which they did not succeed in doing. The forces retreated crestfallen to Rendsburg, and the whole affair ended with a vapouring proclamation of General Willesen on the 23d of October. Von Radowitz the Prussian minister was obliged to hint to the insurgents that nothing more could be done for them, and that they had better abstain from aggression, in order that the war might sooner end. On the 20th the Diet of the Confederation determined to put an end to hostilities, and communicated the fact to the authorities at Kirel: that the Holstein forces should be withdrawn south of the Eyder-that two-thirds of them should be disbanded. Finally, peace was ratified in November 1850, and has not since been broken.

Thereupon Schlesvig-Holstein were dissolved from their unnatural union, and again became the duchy of Schlesvig and the duchy of Holstein, as they had been previously. They were pacified, the troops of professors and other idlers withdrew, the inhabitants raised by conscription disbanded, and the King of Denmark was again in possession of the states on which the forty millions of New Germany had made such an unwarrantable attack. Let it be recorded to his credit, that on the re-occupation of these provinces not a single execution took place; there were no trials before military tribunals. The harshest sentence was banishment for those who would not take the oaths to the king's government, and they were allowed time to sell up and go-certainly not a very rigorous proceeding. Some few objected to the oaths from scruples of conscience, saying they had taken the oaths to the former government; to these the government represented that oaths were binding only when imposed by lawful

authority—but made no attempt to punish or shoot them, as some of the other European governments might and would have done--and most of them acknowledged the force of the reasoning and took the oath. The government made no popular martyrs to the cause. It looked on the people as having been misled by misrepresentations; it contented itself with expelling such of the officials in Schlesvig, appointed by the Stadtholder in the Danish-speaking parts of the province, as could speak nothing but German, and required that where both languages were spoken in a parish, the clergyman and officials should speak both; and even this very reasonable conduct called down the wrath of New Germany in the newspapers, and was represented as the most tyrannical confiscation of private property and vested interests, as if it would not have been a much greater practical grievance to a much greater number of persons, to have officers who could not understand their language. Demagogues do not consider the people except as to how they may get the most out of them for themselves and their friends, and have been and are in all ages, and in all states, ready to howl in scorn and indignation if one of their own class suffers either from popular anger or kingly rule, however he may have really deserved it. Notwithstanding these outcries, this example of the moderation of the king is worth the attention of other potentates, and of some anti-monarchical popular leaders.

Thus were the ambitious designs of Prussia frustrated, and her surreptitious aid of the insurgent army of professors not only useless but punished, for during her consternation, following the defeat of that army, Austria took advantage of her condition and marched a corps through her provinces and occupied Hamburg, Altona, and the fortress of Rendsburg, and all Holstein, as fiefs of the German empire, of which Austria considers herself the chief,

but at first carefully abstained from intruding on Danish ground, and even did not occupy the crown-work of Rendsburg, which lies on the Danish side of the river; and Prussia, who had received such a blow in the defeat of her quasi Prussian army in Schlesvig, was forced to look on and see the havens she coveted, and the fortresses she desired, in the hands of her most formidable rival. Hamburg is the inlet and outlet of the trade of Germany, and the ports on the Baltic were of the utmost importance to her as a naval power. Without Hamburg, the hands of Prussia and the Zollverein are tied in regulating commerce; and though the occupation of Holstein is looked on probably with jealousy by Denmark, yet, as it has only a life-estate in that province during the life of their now king—at his death it is questionable who is the heir, the Augustenburgs claim it; but the claim is disputed by the Oldenburgs (now represented by the Czar) and Glucksburgs, who may prove dangerous neighbours to Denmark. But Austria, who has no particular interest to interfere with Denmark, may be in such a case an important protection to her, in spite of the uncivilized behaviour of Austrian soldiers; and it is not probable, as long as she is the head of the German Empire, the German Confederation, or of a common Vaterland, or what it may be called, that she will evacuate these cities and for

tresses.

Thus, very much against the interest and wishes of those who evoked the cry, the Empire of Germany became a real power, under the hand of Austrian autocracy.

"Evertere domos totas optantibus ipsis

Di faciles; nocitura togâ, nocitura petuntur
Militâ."

CHAPTER III.

PRUSSIA FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE RESTORATION OF ORDER BY FORCE.

THE first want of man is a government of some sort. A government may be defined to be the forcible keeping in order of the disorderly elements of society. These disorderly elements are always in being: no state of society has yet existed without rogues, thieves, rabble, and vagabonds, who have everything to gain and nothing to lose by confusion; they are without morals or religion, which are a check on others, and are only, and can only, be kept in check by main force; they only do not raise barricades, pick pockets, fire ball-cartridge, and do other democratic acts every day of the week, because in ordinary states of society such conduct would ensure immediate punishment; but the moment that the external pressure is removed, the instinct of their nature breaks out. The respectable part of society are not in the habit of wishing to cut their neighbours' throats, or to appropriate their property. Governments are supported by them to restrain those who are of an opposite political opinion; but when from any temporary cause government so established is paralyzed, these opposite opinions find an opportunity for practice

which they seldom neglect; they are always ready, and are only kept in check by the force organized to repress them. The fact of force being so organized, destroys the individual habit of each member of society watching himself in order to prevent the spoliation of society in general. Each man is in the habit of deputing this duty to others and trusting to them; consequently the rogues and thieves, who are always ready organized for mischief, though an infinitely small portion of the people, take the people at a disadvantage the moment that the pressure of a government is removed; and it is only through continual and considerable suffering that the respectable classes are induced to combine and by main force establish order.

As might have been naturally expected, when the King of Prussia dismissed his military to allay the excitement in the streets of Berlin, and to spare bloodshed, the means he adopted were singularly inappropriate to the end in view. He established nothing but anarchy. He trusted himself and the public to the virtue of the urban populace of Berlin; and the manner the trust was discharged in no way belied previous experience. The persons expected to preserve order were themselves the most disorderly in the capital. How any human being, with the ordinary experience of the age of twenty-one years could have expected anything else, is a matter for the most profound wonder. The Prussian Diet, convoked the year before, which did in some sort represent the various classes and interests in Prussia, and which had not shown itself wholly deficient in common sense, was dissolved, and a Constituent Assembly was convoked. It was elected by universal suffrage; and, as might have been anticipated under such circumstances, was a body totally inefficient, who talked much and did nothing. The great majority of its members, as might be expected from the great majority of the electors, were men of neither political experience nor business

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