PAINTING

Davis ("Cloudland"), Arthur Parton ("Moonrise"), Carlton Wiggins (“August afternoon"). The Carnegie prize went to Henry B. Fuller's colossal allegory, "The Triumph of Truth Over Error," an award bitterly criticised and later denounced upon the ground that the artist had received an undue amount of suggestion and help in a work sadly academic. Mr. Kendall's "Mischief" took the Isidor memorial medal, and the Proctor prize was awarded to C. N. Flagg for his portrait of Paul W. Bartlett.

Other pictures of interest were W. M. Chase's vigorous still-life of fish, E. W. Redfield's "In Port," F. A. Bridgman's "Return from the Masked Ball," Hugo Ballin's "Mother and Child," C. C. Cooper's "Rochester Bridge," C. W. Hawthorne's "Return" (a young fisherman painted with fine vigor), Horatio Walker's "BootCutters," and J. G. Brown's inevitable "Bootblacks," the same youngsters that the veteran artist has been painting for the last forty years. Some of the other artists worthily represented were Frank De Haven, Abbott Fair, Gifford Beal, Paul Cornoyer, C. M. Dewey, Francis C. Jones, George W. Maynard, Jerome Myers, William A. Coffin, Edward Potthast, Jonas Lie, Childe Hassam, and H. W. Ranger.

At the New York Water Color Society exhibition held in May the notable pictures were Gordon Grant's "Aquarium," a sketch of people peering into the fish tanks; George W. Edwards" "Fair Amalfi," a brilliant bit of color; Childe Hassam's "Green Jade Gown"; Florence B. Brown's studies of children; a sheep-shearing scene by Georgia T. Fry; some excellent figure studies by Alice Schille; Hilda Belcher's "Speculation," a delightful delineation of childhood; and W. J. Whittmore's "Romance." At the Water Club Show, opened in October, the Beal prize was won by Adelaide Deming for her "Moon Shadows," a picture full of poetry. Other good pictures were Edward Dufner's "Summer Evening," a tranquil landscape with women's figures nicely done; C. W. Eaton's "Venice"; C. C. Cooper's clever city sketches; Charles P. Gruppe's satisfactory Holland pictures that hold their own with the best of Dutch water color work; flower pieces of uncommon merit by Louis Rhead; a Venetian scene by Rhoda H. Nichols;

Marianna Sloane's "Pollard Willows"; and sketches for stained glass by John La Farge. Pastels were admitted to the exhibition and made an interesting group.

Among the smaller exhibitions held in New York were those of paintings by Charles N. Dewey, Wilhelm Funk, Mrs. Ella Condie Lamb, Arthur W. Dow, and W. L. Lathrop. Eight artists-Messrs. Arthur B. Davies, W. J. Glackens, Robert Henri, Ernest Lawson, George Luks, Maurice B. Prendergast, Everett Shinn, and

John Sloan-united in the exhibition of some fifty or sixty pictures, many of them well worth showing. Women artists to the number of nearly fifty in an exhibition of their own showed about eighty pictures. By common consent Miss Marion Powers' "En Famille," and Miss Ella Richards' "A Difficult Stitch," stood first and second in merit.

At the Carnegie Institute's twelfth annual exhibition in Pittsburg, in April, the first prize of $1,500 went to Thomas W. Dewing for a capital picture of a young girl toying with a necklace. Henri Leisdaner took the second prize or $1,000 for a Venice nocturne of great charm.

To Emil Carlsen's "Surf" was awarded the third prize of $500. Public opinion agreed with the judges. Among the American artists who contributed work of notable merit to the Pittsburg exhibition were Charles W. Hawthorne, Cecilia Beaux, Robert Henri, Gari Melchers, Paul Cornoyer, D. W. Tryon, Walter Mac Ewen, Thomas Elkins, and Willard L. Metcalfe. Among the many foreign artists represented were Zorn, Lavery, Cottet, Raffaelli, Villegas, and Mesdag. One whole gallery was devoted to the work of Winslow Homer, lent by private collectors and This in itself constituted public institutions.

an exhibition of importance.

The Corcoran Gallery exhibition (Washington) was of more than usual interest. The first prize fell to Edward W. Redfield for a virile snow-scene, and the second to Joseph De Camp for his graceful figure of a woman playing on the guitar. Robert Reid took the third prize for a picture of a woman before the fire. The fourth prize was awarded to Frederick Frieseke, an American living in Paris, for a well modeled nude. Robert Macameron, Henry Hubbell, John S. Sargent, Gari Melchers, H. W. Ranger, and Cecilia Beaux were some of the artists well represented.

The Pennsylvania Academy exhibition (Philadelphia), opened in June, was the most ambitious yet held by that institution, nearly a thousand paintings being shown. Portraits by John S. Sargent ("Lady with a Rose"), William M. Chase, E. C. Tarbell, and Frank W. Benson were much admired. In landscape work Ben Foster, Edward W. Redfield, W. Elmer Schofield, Albert Groll, C. C. Cooper, and Willard L. Metcalfe were prominent. Thomas G. Cushing and Thomas P. Anschutz had good figure pieces.

Boston's Copley Society held a fine exhibition late in April of work by Millet, Corot, Daubigny, Rousseau, Diaz, Troyon, and other French

artists.

The salon of the Société des Artistes Français was opened in Paris in April with nearly twelve The artists hundred pictures on the walls. whose work attracted particular attention were Simon, Laurens, La Touche, Roll, Picard, LeLhermitte, Zuloaga, Zacharian, Détaille, Lucien père, and Cottet, Edouard Détaille, with a great J. P. Laurens' "Beethoven," were the sensations allegorical picture, "Le Chant du Depart," and of the salon. Leo Cauvy had an oriental scene of much strength. Of the hundred or so American exhibitors, Richard Miller, H. O. Tanner, Henry S. Hubbell, E. W. Redfield, C. W. Eaton, Frank Boggs, and Walter Mac Ewen were well represented.

but little of interest. The London Royal Academy exhibition offered empty portrait group of the Council of the LonHerkomer's huge and don Academy was typical of the whole exhibition.

PALMA, TOMAS ESTRADA. The first president of the Republic of Cuba, died at Santiago de Cuba, Nov. 4, 1908. He was born in Bayamo, on July 9, 1835, and was educated in Spain. Returning to Cuba, where he had inherited extensive estates, he soon became one of the leaders in the movement towards Cuban independence. On the outbreak of the Ten Years' War in 1868, he freed his slaves and joined the insurgent army, becoming a general and afterwards president of the provisional government.

He was

finally captured and remained in prison in Spain until the collapse of the insurrection in 1878. An exile from Cuba, with his estates forfeited, he went to Honduras, where for a time he served as postmaster-general, and later to the United States, where he opened a school at Cherry Valley, N. Y. He organized with others the Cuban uprising of 1895 and was the head of the Junta in the United States, which raised funds and aroused public sympathy for the movement. He was elected the first president of the new republic in 1902 and re-elected in 1906. His first term was quiet, but after his reëlection a revolutionary movement was inaugurated by the Liberal opposition, and Palma resigned after invoking the intervention of the United States. The purity of his patriotism was never questioned, but he lacked the strength of character to cope with the difficulties of his position.

PANAMA. A republic occupying the Isthmus of Panama. Its greatest length is 420 miles, its greatest width 118 miles, its narrowest part is 31 miles wide, and its area is estimated at from 31,570 to 33,776 square miles. The population numbers about 400,000, mostly a mixed race of Spanish, Indian, and negro origin. There are about 40,000 negroes and 2,000 Chinese. The principal towns and ports are: Panama, the capital, with 35,664 inhabitants (1908); Colon, or Aspinwall, 15,271 (1908); Bocas del Toro, 6000; Cristobal; and Ancon. Water and sanitary works have been established in Panama, Colon, and other parts by the American Canal Commission.

PRODUCTION. The mineral resources are but little known. Mother-of-pearl fishing is carried on in the Bay of Panama, and turtle shells are exported. The forests contain valuable hardwoods, dye woods, resinous woods, and medicinal plants. Brier wood, vegetable ivory, cocoanuts, milk of the medlar tree, and some rubber are exported. Bananas constitute the most important agricultural product and export article. Other products are cacao, coffee, sugar-cane, rice, corn, yams, and sweet potatoes. The province of Bocas del Toro has a large area of pasture land and a large number of cattle. A Spanish colony has been established in this province, and there are some American plantations. In 1905 there were in the republic some 65,000 cattle, 17,000 horses, 1,500 mules, 28,000 hogs, 200,000 sheep, and 3,000 goats. Chocolate, mineral waters, ice, and soap are made for local consumption. The manufacture and importation of tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, and salt is a government monopoly, but has been leased to private persons.

COMMERCE AND COMMUNICATIONS. In 1907 imports aggregated $25,284,460, and exports, $1,960,665, against $17,951,428 and $1,035,786, respectively, in 1906. The imports in 1907 included dutiable merchandise, $9,564,450; canal supplies, free of duty, $11,100,000; and imports on account of the commissaries, approximately $5,000,000. Of the dutiable imports, $5,196,964 was from the United States, $2,028,112 from Great Britain, $1,061,858 from Germany, and the remainder was credited chiefly to France, Spain, Italy, and Belgium. The leading imports included ammunition, automobiles, boots, and shoes, carts and carriages, cement, drugs and chemicals, clothing, furniture, machinery, rice, and soap. The exports were bananas, (representing 70 per cent. of the total), rubber, cocoanuts,

woods, drugs, hides, ivory nuts, tortoise shell, mother-of-pearl, sarsaparilla, coffee, cacao, horns, tuna gum, and deerskins. The principal port of export is Bocas del Toro, on the Atlantic, shipments from which in 1907 amounted to $1,423,084. The imports of the United States from Panama during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908, amounted to $1,469,344, and the exports to Panama, $18,232,666. The tonnage entered and cleared at the port of Ancon in the fiscal year 1907-8 was 352,390 and 352,484, respectively. The interoceanic railway, 47 miles long, connects the ports of Panama and Colon. It is owned by the United States under the name of the Panama Railroad Company, and is now completely double-tracked. A part of the line is being moved to the east, due to the overflow from the canal. The United Fruit Company, an American corporation, has constructed a railway from Almirante, a few miles by water from Bocas del Toro, to Changuinola, where the company owns plantations, a distance of some 13 miles. In 1907 the government granted a concession for the establishment of an automobile service in Panama, Colon, and other cities, for the transport of passengers and goods. A mortgage and security bank has been established for the purpose of lending money to farmers and landowners at low rates of interest. It also acts as a government bank.

GOVERNMENT AND FINANCE. The president is elected for four years and cannot serve two terms in succession. Dr. Manuel Amador Guerrero, the first president, was succeeded in 1908 by José Domingo de Obaldia. The Chamber of Deputies consists of 32 members elected for four years. The country is divided into seven provinces, each under a governor appointed by the president. The revenues in 1907 amounted to $2,439,302, derived principally from customs and excise. The expenditures were estimated at $2,433,866. On June 30, 1908, the credit balance of the government was $8,110,697, of which $6,300,000 was invested in first mortgages on real estate in New York City, $1,505,307 was deposited on current account in New York, $250,000 deposited in the above-mentioned government bank, and $55,390 was in the government treasury. The monetary unit is the gold balboa, equivalent to the American gold dollar. The peso, or half-dollar, and its subdivisions, are silver coins. There is a police force of about 1,000 men.

HISTORY. In the spring of 1908 Colombian troops occupied the town of Jurado. The Panamanians were indignant over what they regarded as a violent seizure of Panama territory, twenty-five miles from the Colombian boundary. On the other hand, it was reported that President Reyes, of Colombia, asserted that he was acting in accord with Mr. Root, the Secretary of State of the United States, and according to Washington despatches the opinion in American official circles was that Jurado lay four miles within the Colombian boundary line. In May, Mr. Taft, the American Secretary of War, visited Panama and had conferences with the represen tatives of Panama and Colombia. He succeeded in obtaining a tentative agreement between them. Panama consented to await the decision of the American government before taking any action in this matter.

Another matter which called Mr. Taft to Panama was the impending election for presi

dent of the little republic. There were two candidates for the presidency, Ricardo Arias, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and José Domingo de Obaldia, one of the vice-presidents. During President Amador's absence in Europe, Señor Obaldia was acting president. He removed certain officials who were accused of dishonest practices and compelled others to turn over to the government money which, it was alleged, they had intended to appropriate for themselves. President Amador rescinded these actions when he returned from Europe and removed the governors of the provinces of Colon, Chiriqui, and Coela-in order, it was said, to further the candidacy of Arias. Both Obaldia and Arias were Conservatives. The Liberals, who include the negro element, endorsed Obaldia. The opponents of Arias charged fraud in the registration. A revolutionary movement seemed imminent. The United States government sent warships to Panama and Colon, and landed a special force of marines. It called the attention of the Panama government to the fact that "if fraud was permitted in the elections it would be likely to lead to violence and riot and insurrection, and that it would then be the duty of the United States to preserve order under the treaty and the constitution of Panama." The government of Panama thereupon agreed to appoint a commission with full power to investigate the complaints of all parties, the United States to join in this inquiry through any agents it might choose to appoint, who would have full power to investigate and report to the United States government. The head of the American commission, Richard Reid Rogers, general counsel to the Isthmian Canal Commission, reported in June that the irregularities in the registration were much exaggerated in the complaints, that all errors had been rectified and every citizen given an opportunity to register, and that the representatives of political parties summoned by him to a conference duly approved the voting lists as compiled in his presence on May 29. On June 28, the municipal elections took place. In Panama and Colon, where the colored element took a prominent part in the elections, the opposition made gains. In Bocas del Toro and Chiriqui the administration party was successful, and it also carried two out of three of the other provinces. The results were thus of a mixed character, but on the whole they were regarded as favoring the candidacy of Señor Arias. The latter, however, soon resigned his position as foreign secretary and publicly withdrew from the contest for the presidency on July 4. This withdrawal, he declared, was dictated by a patriotic desire to prevent the military occupation of the republic by the United States and to enable the re-establishment of a union of political parties." In the election, held on July 12, the supporters of Arias refrained from voting and the ballots were almost unanimous for Obaldia. In Panama, Obaldia received 1,000 votes out of 3,500 electors originally registered by both parties; in Colon he received 400 votes out of 1,000 originally registered. On Aug. 1 the electors met in the capitals of the provinces and officially declared the election of Obaldia as president, and of J. A. Arango, Dr. C. A. Mendoza, and J. M. Lambert as vice-presidents. The new administration assumed office Oct. 1, 1908. The members of the cabinet of the new president were as follows: Secretary of Foreign

PANAMA CANAL

Relations, José Augustin Arango; Secretary of Government and Justice, Ramon M. Valdes; Secretary of the Treasury, Carlos A. Mendoza; Secretary of Public Instruction, Eusebis A. Morales; Secretary of Fomento, José E. Lefevre. The Congress met on Sept. 1. On Sept. 23 it passed a habeas corpus act, which was promulgated by President Amador two days later. The Congress authorized the president to contract with two prominent persons to write a history of the country from its discovery to the establishment of independence. The work is to be completed within two to four years and is to be subject to revision by a committee appointed by the Secretary of Public Instruction. Provision was made for the preliminary expenses of the work.

dent Roosevelt issued an executive order defining PANAMA CANAL. On Jan. 6, 1908, Presithe powers of the Isthmian Canal Commission and its chairman. This order was merely a comprehensive revision of existing provisions

found in the executive order of Nov. 17, 1906, and in subsequent orders and informal amendments. The general duty of the adoption of plans for the construction and maintainance of the canal under the supervision of the Secretary of War, and subject to the approval of the President, was placed upon the commission, hensive. The chairman was made the executive whose powers were made broad and comprehead, and the other members of the commission were charged with the duty of advising and assisting in the execution of the work of canal construction, and other matters pertaining to sanitation, betterment, supply, and equipment. The members of the commission are required to reside upon the Isthmus, except when on leave of absence.

During the fiscal year 1908 the membership of the commission continued without change. On Sept. 15, Mr. Jackson Smith resigned from the commission, and Lieut.-Col. H. F. Hodges, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., was appointed to succeed him. The commission at the end of the year was composed as follows: Lieut.-Col. Geo. W. Goethals, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., chairman and chief engineer; Lieut.-Col. H. F. Hodges, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., assistant chief engineer; Maj. D. D. Gaillard, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., division engineer of Central Division; Maj. William L. Sibert, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., division engineer of Atlantic Division; H. H. Rousseau, C. E., U. S. N., assistant to chairman; J. C. S. Blackburn, head of the Department of Civil Administration; Col. Wm. C. Gorgas, Medical Department, U. S. A., head of the Department of Sanitation; Joseph Bucklin Bishop, secretary; Edward J. Williams, disbursing officer; and Walter W. Warwick, examiner of accounts.

In carrying out the reorganizations indicated above, the Panama Canal Zone was divided into three parts, each of which was formed into a division in the Department of Construction and Engineering, and assigned to a division engineer who reported directly to the chief engineer. The first division, known as the Atlantic Division, included the territory north of Tabernilla; the second extended from that point to Padro Miguel, being known as the Central Division, and the third, Pacific Division, extended from Padro Miguel to deep water in the Pacific.