SUFFRAGIST LEADERS MAKING PLANS FOR "RUSHING THE HOUSE OF COMMONS" A SUFFRAGETTE, WHO HAD CHAINED HERSELF TO THE RAILING, BEING REMOVED BY THE POLICE THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE CAMPAIGN IN ENGLAND WOMEN IN INDUSTRY develop the leadership existing in the ranks of working women. The Massachusetts Legislature reduced the number of legal hours for women's work from 58 to 56 per week, except in seasonal trade, when the average for the year must not exceed 56 hours per week. SPAIN. A decree issued in March for the first time introduced in Spanish law a limitation on the employment of women in certain harmful industries. The law applies to all children under sixteen and to all women under twenty-five years of age. Among the places prohibited to these workers are chemical works, match factories, type foundries, glass and lead works, and slaughter houses. This new law taken in connection with recently promulgated decrees prohibiting the night work of children under fourteen and limiting the hours of children between ten and fourteen years of age to six hours a day in mills and factories and to eight hours in shops and offices, gives Spain a high rank in the present movement for the protection of women and children in industry. See CHILD LABOR. OF. WOMEN'S CLUBS, GENERAL FEDERATION A body organized in 1892. It is composed of more than 4,500 women's clubs, having a membership in the United States and foreign countries of about 800,000. Clubs applying for membership must contain no sectarian or political test in their constitution, the object of the federation being social, literary, artistic, or scientific culture. The officers in 1908 were as follows: President, Mrs. Philip M. Moore; first vice-president, Mrs. Josiah M. Cowles; second vice-president, Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman; recording secretary, Mrs. Henry H. Dawson; corresponding secretary, Mrs. Frank M. Shiek; treasurer, Mrs. George O. Welch; auditor, Mrs. L. L. Blankenburg. WOOL. See STOCK RAISING, section Sheep. WORMELEY, KATHERINE PRESCOTT. An American author and translator, died on Aug. 4. 1908. She was born of American parents at Ipswich, England, in 1829, and came to the United States at an early age. During the Civil War she was connected with the United States Sanitary Commission, served as nurse on board the Federal hospital transports, and became superintendent of nursing at the Lovell Hospital in Portsmouth Grove, R. I. She pub. lished a history of the United States in 1863. At the close of the rebellion she published an account of her war-time experiences under the title The Other Side of the War. Another volume on the same subject, The Cruel Side of War, appeared in 1899. She became well known for her translations from the French, which include an edition of Molière's plays (1892), and the famous Works of Honoré de Balzac (40 vols., 1883-97), which is the standard English translation of that author. WORTHINGTON, GEORGE. Second Protestant Episcopal bishop of Nebraska, died on Jan. 7, 1908. He was born in Lenox, Mass., on Oct. 14, 1840. After a brief business career he graduated at Hobart College in 1860, and at the General Theological Seminary in 1863. In 1864 he was ordained priest. After serving various rectorships in New York he went to Detroit in 1868, where he remained until 1875. In 1884 he was offered the bishopric of Nebraska, but declined. In 1885, however, on being again offered this office, he accepted it. In 1901 ill health compelled his removal to New York 771 city, although he still retained the administration of his Nebraska diocese. From this date until his death he also had charge of the Protestant Episcopal churches of Continental Europe. WRESTLING. The national championships of the Amateur Athletic Union were decided at Madison Square Garden Concert Hall on April 13. The events and winners follow: 105 pounds, R. Schwartz, Boys' Club, New York; 115 pounds, G. Mehnert, Turn Verein, Newark; 125 pounds, L. A. Dole, Yale University; 135 pounds, G. S. Dole, Yale; 145 pounds, M. Weily, German-American A. C.; 158 pounds, C. Anderson, Swedish Gymnasium, Boston; heavyweight, In the professional wrestling world there were J. Gunderson, Dover Sporting Club, New York. two important bouts. George Hackenschmidt defeated Joe Rogers in two falls, and Frank Hackenschmidt, when the latter refused to conGotch won the heavyweight championship from tinue after an hour and forty-five minutes had elapsed without either scoring a fall. The fourth annual intercollegiate championships were won by Yale with a total score of 10 points. Pennsylvania scored 6, Princeton and Cornell 3 each, and Columbia 0. Events and winners were: 115 pounds, Yerger, of Pennsylvania; 125 pounds, L. A. Dole, of Yale; 135 pounds, G. S. Dole, of Yale; 145 pounds, Waite, of Pennsylvania; 158 pounds, Parker, of Yale; 175 pounds, Foster, of Yale; heavyweight, Talbot, of Cornell. See OLYMPIC GAMES. WRIGHT, JOHN HENRY. An American archæologist, died on Nov. 25, 1908. He was born at Urumya, Persia, on Feb. 4, 1852, graduated at Dartmouth in 1873, and later studied at Leipzig. In 1878 he became associate professor of Greek at Dartmouth. During 1886-7 he was professor of classical philosophy at Johns Hopkins. In the latter year he was appointed professor of Greek at Harvard, and became dean of the graduate school in 1895. During 1906-7 he was president of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. He edited the American Journal of Archæology from 1897 to 1906 and was also editor of A History of All Nations (24 vols., 1902). WRIGHT, LUKE E. An American diplomat, He was born in Tennesand secretary of war. see in 1847. He studied law and began practice in Memphis, Tenn. For eight years he was State attorney-general. He was a Democrat in political belief, but declined to support Bryan in 1896, and allied himself with the "gold" From 1900 to wing of the Democratic party. 1904 he was a member of the United States Philippine Commission, serving as president from 1903 to 1904, when he became civil governor, succeeding William H. Taft. Later he was appointed governor-general, which position he held until 1906. He was ambassador to Japan from 1906 to 1907, and on July 1, 1908, took the war portfolio in President Roosevelt's cabinet. In 1903 he received the degree of LL.D. from Hamilton College. ren in Christ, and had a public school education. in Wyoming exceeded that of any preceding Wilbur was born near Millville, Ind., on April year. The figures for 1907 were 6,252,990 short 16, 1867, and also was educated in the public tons, with a spot value of $9,372,668, which is schools. They began to study aviation in about a gain over the output of 1906 of 118,996 short 1896, at which time they had in Dayton a tons. The gain in production, however, was insmall shop in which they repaired and built significant when compared with the gain in bicycles, and four years afterward were making value. The product of 1906 was valued at $8,actual experiments with machines of their own 013,528, while that of 1907 was $9,732,668, a invention and manufacture. By 1903 they had gain of over 21 per cent. The coal mines of produced a machine in which they could remain the State gave employment in 1907 to 6,645 in the air a minute at a time; and by 1905 men, as compared with 5,934 men in 1906. The they had so improved their machine that they production of copper showed a remarkable incould rise or descend practically at will, describe crease in 1907 over 1906. In the former year, curves, and remain in the air for several min- 3,026,004 pounds valued at $605,201 were proutes. In 1906 they built several machines, and duced, as compared with 106,177 pounds, valued in May, 1908, they conducted a number of at $20,492 in 1906. The production in 1905 was public experiments at Kill Devil Hill, N. C. 2,530,531 pounds, and the falling off in 1906 For their subsequent remarkable performances, was due to local causes. The other mineral prodand a description of their machines, see AERO- ucts of the State are relatively unimportant. They include clay products, gold, gypsum, lime, silver, stone, and precious stones. The Director of the Mint estimated the output of gold for 1908 as probably equal to or slightly exceeding that of 1907, which was $9,400. It was estimated that the coal production of the State in 1908 did not exceed 60 per cent. of that of 1907. This decrease resulted from financial conditions, and from an oversupply of fuel mined during the summer and fall of 1907. NAUTICS. WÜLLNER, ADOLF. A German physicist, died in Oct., 1908. He was born in Düsseldorf on June 13, 1835, studied physics at Bonn, Munich and Berlin, and after teaching at Marburg, Aix-la-Chapelle and Bonn, became professor in the technical school at Aix. He made special investigations of the specific heat of liquids and gases; of vapor tension, refraction indices and the variability of absorption and emission spectra. His publications include: Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik (1862, 6th ed., with Hagenbach, 1907); Einleitung in die Diop trik des Auges (1866), and Kompendium der Physik (2 vols., 1879). WYCKOFF, WALTER AUGUSTUS. An American sociologist, died on May 15, 1908. He was born in Mainduri, India, on April 12, 1865, graduated at Princeton in 1888, and for a year studied and traveled in Europe. In July, 1891, he traveled on foot across the American continent, starting without any money and determined to make his living as a day laborer. In this way he spent eighteen months working as a farm hand, on railroads, as a hotel porter, as a lumberman, and in many other occupations of the daily wage-earner. The results were incorporated in the books, The Workers-East (1897), and The Workers-West (1898), wherein he reveals a breadth of understanding unequaled in the whole literature of sociological vagabondry of which his books were the pioneers. In 1893 and 1894 Mr. Wyckoff was employed as a private tutor, and traveled twice around the world. He was appointed social science fellow at Princeton in 1884, lecturer on sociology there in 1895, and assistant professor of political economy in 1898. In further description of his experiences during his trip across the continent, he published A Day With a Tramp, and Other Days (1900). WYOMING. One of the Western States of the American Union. Its area is 97,914 square miles. The population in 1908, according to Federal estimate, was 107,387. MINERAL RESOURCES. The aggregate value of the mineral products of the State in 1907, according to figures given by the United States Geological Survey, was $10,671,574, which was a considerable increase over the value of the production in 1906, which was $9,063,849. In addition, there were miscellaneous products including antimony, copper, lead, lime, lithia minerals, natural gas, pearls, pottery and stone to the value of $1,743,304. The production of coal AGRICULTURE AND STOCK RAISING. The acre age, production and value of the principal farm crops in 1908, according to figures of the United States Department of Agriculture, were as follows: Corn, 84,000 bushels, valued at $64,000 from 3,000 acres; spring wheat, 1,275,000 bushels, valued at $1,084,000 from 50,000 acres; oats, 000 acres; barley, 140,000 bushels, valued at 2,839,000 bushels, valued at $1,420,000 from 78,$91,000 from 4,000 acres; rye, 22,000 bushels, valued at $16,000 from 1,000 acres; potatoes, 948,000 bushels, valued at $626,000 from 6,000 acres; hay, 504,000 tons, valued at $3,730,000 from 252,000 acres. The number of farm animals, Jan. 1, 1909, was as follows: Horses, 135,000; sheep, 6,591,000; cattle, 900,000; swine, 19,000. Wyoming ranks first in the number of sheep. The wool clipped in 1908 was 36,000,000 pounds valued at $5,644,800. EDUCATION. The compulsory education law, passed at the session of the Legislature of 1907, in the schools of the State. had a good effect on the attendance of pupils In 1907 there were in the State 26,794 pupils of school age (6 to 21 years), and in 1908 there were 28.769 rolled in the schools 19,795 pupils and in 1908 In 1907 there were enpupils of school age. 21,390. There were in the State in 1907 787 of days of attendance of pupils in 1907 was 91, teachers, and in 1908, 899. The average number and in 1908 this was increased to 99. The number of women teachers as compared with men teachers is on the increase. Of the total number of 899, there were but 115 men teachers in 1908. There was a marked increase in the salaries paid to men and women in 1907. The average salaries paid to men amounted to $74.14 and was in 1908 $85.26. For women the average salary paid in 1907 was $49.50 and in 1908 it was $53.05. The average for both sexes was $69.15, making an increase of $7.33 in the average monthly salary in one year. The total amount expended for school purposes during the school year 1907-8 amounted to $584,970.03. FINANCE. A statement of the State treasurer gave the balance on hand Oct. 1, 1907, as $243, 506.79; the receipts for the fiscal year following were $881,716.29, and investments repaid $99,446.36; the expenditures were $697,199.87 and the investments for permanent funds, $182,448.80, leaving a balance on Sept. 30, 1908, of $353,419.50. The bonded debt Oct. 1, 1908, was $182,000. CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. At the close of the biennium, ending Sept. 30, 1908, the population of the State institutions was as follows: Hospital for Insane, Evanston, 140; General Hospital, Rock Springs, 31; General Hospital, Sheridan, 27; Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Buffalo, 45; and the State Penitentiary, Rawlins, 257, of whom five were United States prisoners. The State also maintains the Big Horn Hot Springs Reserve at Thermopolis. Delinquent boys and girls are sent to industrial schools at Golden and Denver, Col., and the State deaf and blind are sent to schools in neighboring States. The delinquent in 1908 numbered 11 boys and 3 girls, the deaf 12, and the blind 2. The total expenses for charities and corrections during the biennium aggregated $349,239.33. CONVENTIONS AND ELECTIONS. The Republican State convention on May 7 elected delegates to the national convention instructed to vote for W. H. Taft for President, and on May 14 similar action was taken by the Democrats in regard to W. J. Bryan. There was no election for State offices in 1908. In the election of Nov. 3, the Republicans carried the State for Taft by a plurality of about 5,000. The detailed vote was as follows: Taft, 20,846; Bryan, 14,918; Debs, 1,715. F. W. Mondell was reëlected a member of the House of Representatives. OTHER EVENTS. By an explosion in Mine No. 1 of the Union Pacific Coal Mine at Hanna on March 28 over sixty miners were killed. The State gained several thousand population during the year, chiefly among farmers from the Mississippi Valley and adjoining States west; who made homestead entries with a view to applying by farming methods in semi-arid districts. There was a considerable amount of railroad building in 1908. STATE OFFICERS. Governor, B. B. Brooks; secretary of state, Wm. R. Schnitger; treasurer, Edward Gillitte; auditor, Leroy Grant; adjutant-general, P. A. Gatchell; attorney-general, W. E. Mullen; superintendent of education, A. D. Cook-all Republicans. JUDICIARY. Supreme Court: Chief justice, Chas. N. Potter; associate justices, Cyrus L. Beard, Richard A. Scott; clerk, W. H. Kelly all Republicans. The State Legislature of 1909 is composed of 21 Republicans and 2 Democrats in the Senate, 45 Republicans and 5 Democrats in the House. The State representation in Congress will be found in the article UNITED STATES under the section Congress. YALE UNIVERSITY chelle. The Bermuda race, 675 miles, was won in Class B by H. Morss's schooner Dervish, and in Class C by E. J. Bliss's sloop Venona, the winners' time being respectively 109h. 23m. 45s. and 100h. 16m. The Bermuda race for power boats was won by J. Craig's Alisa Craig in 66h. 32m. 30s. The Fire Island Lightship race (93 miles) for sail boats was won by the yawl Sakana, owned by the Haviland brothers, in 20h. 2m. 9s. The Fire Island race for 50-foot power boats was won by J. H. Hadley's schooner, the Alabama, in 6h. 49m. 30s. F. Thompson's schooner, the Shamrock, won the Lipton cup race to Cape May and return (225 miles) in 54h. 57m. 30s. The Marblehead to New Rochelle race (270 miles) for power boats was won by S. W. Granbery's Irene II in 32h. 33m. The transPacific race from San Pedro to Honolulu (2,500 miles) was won by the schooner Lurline of the South Coast Yacht Club, California, in 13d. 21h. 31m. 43s. Two international contests were held, the international dory race, held under the auspices of the Amsterdam Yacht Club, Holland, which was won by the Tautog, owned by G. G. Fry, of the American Yacht Club, and the international motor boat race at Huntington, L. I., won by E. J. Schroeder's Dixie II. Dixie II also won the American Power Boat Association's Gold Challenge cup, the International Championship cup, and the special mile championship. A remarkable feature of the motor boating season was the increase in speed gained. The best record up to 1908 was between 25 and 26 nautical miles an hour. This was advanced in 1908 to over 31 nautical miles an hour. YALE UNIVERSITY. An institution of higher learning at New Haven, Conn., founded in 1701. The attendance in all departments in the year 1907-8 was 3,306, divided as follows: Graduate department, 360; academic, 1,351; Sheffield Scientific, 895; theological school, 65; law school, 294; medical school, 154; art school, 41; school of music, 87; school of forestry, 59. During the year there were two losses among the faculty from death, in the academic department, Professor Thomas D. Seymour, who died on Dec. 31, 1907, and Professor Edward Gaylord Bourne, who died on Feb. 24, 1908. Professor Seymour was Hillhouse professor of Greek, and Professor Bourne was professor of American history. Dr. Joseph Barrel was appointed professor of structural geology and Professor Max Farrand of Leland Stanford, Jr., University, was appointed professor of American history. Two members of the faculty retired during the academic year, Professor Tracy Peck of the academic department, and Professor John H. Niemeyer of the art school. The place left vacant by Professor Peck will be taken by Professor George Lincoln Hendrickson, of Chicago. A directory of living graduates was published during the year, which showed the total number of alumni now living to be 14,806. these 3,848 were in law; 1,432 in engineering, 1,673 in education, and 1,274 in the ministry. During the year, Leete Oliver Memorial Hall, a recitation hall for the Sheffield Scientific School, was completed, and the transfer to the univer sity of the title to the Hillhouse property, a tract of land about 30 acres in extent, within two blocks of the present university centre, was made. Two buildings were in course of construction at the end of the year, Carnegie Swimming Hall, and Haughton Hall, a dormitory for the academic department. The total funds and Of |