ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE AERONAUTICAL WORK OF THE U. S. ARMY SIGNAL CORPS. SIGNAL CORPS DIRIGIBLE BAL- . THE WRIGHT AËROPLANE AT LE MANS, FRANCE; MOTOR AND MECHANISM OF WRIGHT THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY ALFRED DEAKIN; THE EARL OF DUDLEY AUTOMOBILE FIRE APPARATUS. COMBINATION CAR WITH CHEMICAL TANK OF THE THE Minas Geraes AND THE LAUNCH OF THE U. S. BATTLESHIP South Carolina 82 104 THE QUEBEC TERCENTENARY 128 GROVER CLEVELAND 162 THE TESTING PLANT OF THE TECHNOLOGIC DIVISION OF THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 166 THE ROOSEVELT DAM; THE PATHFINDER DAM 200 MRS. PATRICK CAMPBELL, MRS. FISKE, WILLIAM H. CRANE, OTIS SKINNER "THE NEW THEATRE" IN NEW YORK CITY 212 214 THE MESSINA EARTHQUAKE. VIEW ALONG THE CORSO VICTOR EMMANUEL; THE DESTRUC- THE REV. DR. ELWOOD WORCESTER, REV. DR. SAMUEL MCCOMB, I. H. CORIAT, M. D. HIGH PRESSURE FIRE PROTECTION FOR NEW YORK CITY. TESTS OF HYDRANTS AND HOSE; THE RT. HON. LLOYD GEORGE; THE RT. HON. REGINALD MCKENNA 316 THE RT. HON. HERBERT HENRY ASQUITH 318 THE WORLD'S GREATEST STEEL WORKS AT GARY, INDIANA 370 IRRIGATION. WOODRIDGE CANAL, SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY; THE TRUCKEE-CARSON PROJECT, JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS, EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN, DONALD G. MITCHELL, CHARLES 412 ABD-EL-AZIZ; MULAI HAFID 466 E. A. MACDOWELL, Ludwig WÜLLNER, CÉCILE CHAMINADE, MISCHKA ELMAN 470 OLYMPIC GAMES. START OF MARATHON RACE AT WINDSOR CASTLE 524 COL. GEORGE W. GOETHALS, U. S. A.; COL. W. C. GORGAS, U. S. A. 532 MANUEL II., KING OF PORTUGAL FOUR CANDIDATES OF THE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN OF 1908: EUGENE V. DEBS, THOMAS E. WATSON, EUGENE W. CHAFIN, THOMAS L. HISGEN FOUR CARDINALS AND ARCHBISHOP BOURNE IN ATTENDANCE ON THE EUCHARISTIC CON- SCULPTURE BY GUTZON BORGLUM, DANIEL C. FRENCH AND AUGUSTUS LUKEMAN TUBERCULOSIS EXHIBITION MIDHAT PASHA, ABDUL HAMID II. AND KIAMIL PASHA FACING PAGE 574 584 618 642 680 700 710 724 728 740 744 THE ATLANTIC BATTLESHIP FLEET ENTERING THE HARBOR OF MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA CHARLES W. ELIOT, CYRUS NORTHROP, JAMES B. ANGELL; E. BENJAMIN ANDREWS YUKON AVENUE THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE CAMPAIGN IN ENGLAND. SUFFRAGIST LEADERS MAKING PLANS 746 760 770 NOTE: Cross references in SMALL CAPITALS indicate that the allusion is to a separate article; cross references in italics denote that the reference is to a subdivision of a main article. A cross reference in italics, standing alone in an article, carries the reference to another subdivision of the same article. The letters q. v. (quod vide=Latin "which see") in parenthesis, following a word, indicate that the subject is treated under its own name elsewhere in the volume. THE NEW INTERNATIONAL YEAR BOOK A BBOTT, EDWARD. An American clergyman and author, died on April 5, 1908. He was born in Farmington, Maine, on July 15, 1841, graduated at the University of the City of New York in 1860, and studied at Andover Theological Seminary. In 1863, after serving at Washington in the United States Sanitary Commission, he was ordained to the Congregational ministry. He was pastor of Pilgrim Church, Cambridge, Mass., from 1865 to 1869, when he became associate editor of the Congregationalist. He resigned this post in 1878 to accept the editorship of the Literary World, a position which he held until 1888. In 1879 he was ordained to the Protestant Episcopal priesthood, and accepted the rectorship of St. James Church, Cambridge, where he remained until his death. He wrote several books, chiefly religious and historical. Among these are: Conversations of Jesus (1875); Paragraph History of the United States (1875); Paragraph History of the American Revolution (1876); and Phillips Brooks (1900). ABD-EL-AZIZ. See MOROCCO. Eritrea were valued at 5,748,000 francs, and through French Somaliland 8,875,000 francs (1 franc equals 19.3 cents), besides the trade through British Somaliland, British East Africa, and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The principal trading centres are Harrar, Ankober, and Addis Abeba. At Harrar there are half a dozen large warehouses containing a great diversity of goods. The railway from Diré Dawa to Jibuti, in Frenen Somaliland, is 193 miles long. In September, 1908, it was reported that the Government of Abyssinia approved the plans for the projected railway from Diré Dawa via Harrar, to Addis Abeba, and that a contract had been signed with a French company. The distance from Addis Abeba to Jibuti is 528 miles. The Bank of Abyssinia, established with a capital of £500,000 by the National Bank of Egypt, has the privilege of minting the Abys sinian coinage, issuing legal tender notes, and engaging in all industrial, commercial, and financial enterprises. The government is feudal in character. Each of the large provinces is under a Ras, or feudal chief, under whom are the governors of districts and chiefs of villages. The more important of SULTAN OF TURKEY. the rases constitute the Council of State. The King in 1908 was Menelek II. A regular army of about 150,000 men which was supplemented by irregular and territorial forces was maintained. The entire army was supposed to be mounted, and was armed with Gras and magazine rifles. There were seven batteries of field guns and mitrailleuses. A convention with Italy was signed in May, defining the limits of Italian Somaliland. (See below.) In the latter part of 1907, Mount Afdera, within 200 miles of the Gulf of Aden, supposed to have become extinct ages ago, suddenly burst into tremendous volcanic activity, which was accompanied by violent shocks of earthquake. The vegetation of an area over 150 square miles in extent was blotted out. The herders living in the neighborhood of the mountain were compelled to flee, one tribe losing 200 members from fright and exhaustion. The survivors took refuge on the high plain of Biru and said they would never again live near the mountain. ABYSSINIA. An independent country in East Africa. Area, about 308,000 square miles; population, 8,000,000. Addis Abeba, the capital, has 30,000 inhabitants; Harrar, 40,000; Gondar, 5000; Aksum, 5000; Diré Dawa, founded in 1902, 4500. Several European houses have been erected at Addis Abeba with the aid of a German architect. The Empress has caused the erection of a modern hotel, which was inaugurated in the presence of the diplomatic representatives. Sericulture has been started. Cot ton culture on a large scale has been introduced by Europeans with pronounced success. A sawmill has been established at Addis Abeba. Greek artisans are engaged in quarrying and stone hewing. The imports are mainly cotton goods, largely American; woolens, silks, cutlery, matches, and mirrors; the exports are mainly civet, coffee, gum, wax, hides, gold, and ivory. In 1906 the imports through Eritrea amounted to 8,688,000 francs, and through French Somaliland, 13,977,000 francs; the exports through HISTORY. The agreement of July 6, 1906, on the part of Great Britain, France, and Italy had guaranteed the status quo in Abyssinia and the maintenance of the policy of the open door, and the three powers had further engaged mutually to protect their interests in the adjoining regions, Great Britain and Egypt in the Nile Basin, Italy in Benadir, Eritea and Somaliland and France in the Somali Protectorate and hinterland, and the regions traversed by the projected railway from Addis Abeba to Jibuti. Early in January, 1908, it was reported that in the month of December the Abyssinians had raided certain regions in the Benadir hinterland, plundering villages and slaying the inhabitants. The natives applied to the Italian Resident at Lugh for aid, and some fighting followed between the Italians and the friendly natives on the one hand and the raiders on the other, resulting in considerable losses and the killing of two Italian officers. Italy at once protested at Addis Abeba against the violation of her territory. In response to the Italian demands Menelek gave assurances of his friendliness and ordered the raiders to withdraw. In March it was learned that the chiefs involved in the raid had been condemed to imprisonment, and that Menelek had promised to appoint new chiefs on the Benadir border. On May 16, Menelek and the Italian Representative at Addis Abeba signed a convention fixing the boundaries between Italian Somaliland and Abyssinia; and Italy, in return for the payment of $600,000, was guaranteed the possession of Lugh and of the caravan centre at the meeting of the Dau and Ganana rivers. (See ERITREA and ITALIAN SoMALILAND.) In June Menelek appointed as his successor to Lidj Eyassu, a son of Ras Michael and the King's daughter; he was born in 1896. In August, 1908, it was reported that the policy of forming a cabinet on the European model, which King Menelek had announced in October, 1907, had been carried into effect, a more efficient and suitable system being substituted for the half patriarchal court. In 1908 Abyssinia became a member of the Postal Union. The Ethiopian Railway Company, which is engaged in the construction of the railroad from Jibuti to Addis Abeba, and which, after carrying the line from the coast to Diré Dawa, had been brought to a standstill by financial difficulties, entered upon a new reorganization late in 1908, involving substantial aid by the French government. ACADÉMIE FRANÇAISE, founded by Cardinal Richelieu in 1635 and reorganized in 1810, is the first in order and the most eminent of the five academies which constitute the Institute of France. It is the chief tribunal in all questions relating to the niceties of the French language, and to grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and the publication of the French classics. The membership is limited to forty, known as the "Forty Immortals," who are elected for life. The members receive an annual stipend of 1500 franes and, in addition, the six members of the dictionary committee receive each 1000 francs annually. The Académie annually distributes 12,000 francs in prizes alternately for poetry and eloquence, besides a number of smaller prizes. Three new members were elected in 1908. Jules Henri Poincaré succeeded Prudhomme, Jean Richepin succeeded Theuriet, and Frances Charmes succeeded Berthelot. The chairs left vacant at the deaths of Boissier, Sardou, Coppée, Halévy, Mathieu, and Prévost had not been filled up to the end of the year. The present academicians and dates of their elections are: Emile Ollivier, 1870; Alfred Jean François Mézières, 1874; Othénin P. de Cléron Comte d'Haussonville, 1886; Jules Arnaud Arsène Claretie, 1888; Eugène Marie Melchior Vicomte de Vogué, 1888; Charles Louis de Saules de Freycinet, 1890; Louis Marie Julien Viaud (Pierre Loti), 1891; Ernest Lavisse, 1892; Paul Louis Thureau-Dangin, 1893; Paul Bourget, 1894; Henri Houssaye, 1894; Jules Lemaître, 1895; Jacques Anatole Thibault (Anatole France), 1896; Marquis Marie C. A. Costa de Beauregard, 1896; Louis Jules Albert Comte Vandal, 1896; Albert Comte de Mun, 1897; Gabriel Hanotaux, 1897; Henri Léon Emile Lavedan, 1899; Paul Deschanel, 1899; Paul Hervieu, 1900; Auguste Emile Faguet, 1900;, Charles Jean Melchoir, Marquis de Vogué, 1901; Edmond Rostand, 1901; Frédéric Masson, 1903; René Bazin, 1903; Etienne Lamy, 1905; Alexandre Felix Joseph Ribot, 1906; Maurice Barrès, 1906; Marquis de Ségur, 1907; Maurice Donnoy, 1907; Maître André Barboux, 1907; Jules Henri Poincaré, 1908; Jean Richepin, 1908; Frances Charmes, 1908. ACADEMY, BRITISH. See BRITISH ACADEMY. See PHOTOTHERAPY. ACTINOTHERAPY. ADEN. A peninsula and town near the southwest corner of Arabia, a British colony. Area, 75 square miles; population in 1901, 41,222 (28,180 males and 13,042 females). Attached to Aden are the island of Perim, at the entrance to the Red Sea, 5 square miles and 2752 inhabitants in 1901; the island of Sokotra, off the coast of Africa, 1382 square miles and about 12,000 inhabitants; the five Kuria Muria Islands off the south coast of Arabia, ceded by the Sultan of Oman for the purpose of landing the Red Sea cable; and the Aden Protectorate, comprising about 9000 square miles of the Arabian hinterland, with a population of about 100,000. The importance of Aden lies solely in its position. It is an important coaling-station on the Suez route, and is strongly fortified. The trade is almost entirely transit. The chief imports are cotton goods, grain and flour, petroleum, hides and skins, and tobacco. The chief exports and coffee, gums, civet, ivory, wax, and the articles mentioned under imports. In 1907 8 the sea-borne imports amounted to Rs. 44,669,050 (Rs. 5,335,892 in treasure), and the seaborne exports, Rs. 40,471,126 (Rs. 5,267,703 in treasure). (1 rupee 32.44 cents.) American cotton goods and kerosene oil are largely imported. The imports from the interior of Arabia by land in 1907-8 amounted to Rs. 2,475,007 of merchandise and Rs. 123,387 of treasure; the exports to the interior were Rs. 1,497,086 of merchandise and Rs. 155,406 of treasure. The Protectorate and its dependencies are attached to British India, forming a part of the Bombay Presidency. The administration is in the hands of a Political Resident in 1908, Major-General E. De Brath. ADLER, FRIEDRICH. A German architect and writer on architectural subjects, died in Berlin on September 15, 1908. He was born in Berlin, on October 15, 1827, and studied architecture, at the Berlin Academy, under Strack. He was appointed professor there in 1863, and in 1877 was made consulting architect to the Prussian Ministry of Public Works. He was an authority on ancient and mediæval archi |