at night, as it is low and seldom shows any lights. The coast between Hilo and Leleiwi Point is low and covered with a dense growth of pandanus and guava trees, back of which is a low, heavily wooded flat plain. The shore is broken by low patches of black lava.

Olaa mill, 62 miles southward of Leleiwi Point and 32 miles inland, is marked by a tall white stack and a prominent white water tank. At night the electric lights of the mill can be seen some distance at sea. Between Olaa mill and Cape Kumukahi the land is low and level and is wooded for a distance of about 2 miles from the shore. Beyond this the Olaa plantation rises to an elevation of about 2,000 feet (610 m), back of which may be seen the forests. The coast between Leleiwi Point and Cape Kumukahi, a distance of about 17 miles, is a series of low bluffs. The lava flow of 1840, which reaches the sea 5 miles nothwestward of Cape Kumukahi, is marked on its seaward end by two black hills about 50 feet (15.2 m) high, which lie close together. This lava flow is visible inshore for a distance of about 5 miles. The plain northwestward of the cape is thickly covered with foliage and scattered cocoanut groves.

Cape Kumukahi, the easternmost cape of Hawaii, is a low mass of bare black lava with a jagged top, and is clearly defined from all sides. It is marked by a light, which is about 400 yards in from the point. Sharply defined pinnacles mark the end of the point. A chain of old craters, or cinder cones, extends 7 miles southwesterly from the cape. The first cone is 13% miles west of the cape, 245 feet (75 m) high, and is surmounted by scattered cocoanut trees. The trade winds divide at the cape, part following the coast northwestward and the other part following the coast southwestward; sailing vessels should, therefore, give the cape a berth of about 2 miles in rounding it.

Pahoa is a plantation village 82 miles west of Cape Kumukahi and is marked by a large church with red roof and spire. There is no mill here. The Hilo Railroad eastern terminus is Kapoho, a settlement about 2 miles west of the cape.

SOUTHEAST COAST OF HAWAII (CHART 4115)

From Cape Kumukahi to Kalae (South Cape), a distance of about 63 miles, the coast has a general southwesterly trend; it is not surveyed but is generally bold, and it is advisable for vessels to keep about 1 mile offshore. There are no sheltered harbors or anchorages on this coast that afford shelter during all winds. Honuapo is the only landing where steamers call.

The country southwest of Cape Kumukahi is heavily wooded and along the beach are numerous coconut groves. The shore in the vicinity of the cape is low, growing higher southwestward. The rocks are of black lava formation. The characteristic features of this coast are the lava flows, which reach from the hills to the water's edge; they present a bare and rough appearance. The old craters heretofore mentioned as extending southwestward from the cape, join the ridge which forms the divide between the Puna and Kau districts. Pohoiki is an abandoned landing 4 miles southwestward of Cape Kumukahi. The red-roofed coffee mill (abandoned) with small gray stack is 200 yards inland. There are several large trees with dark-green foliage on the small point seaward from the mill. Pull

ing boats can be beached on the shingle and gravel beach on the south side of the point.

Honuaula Crater, about 5 miles southwestward of Cape Kumukahi and 3 miles inland, is 844 feet (257 m) high and quite prominent. The southeast side is blown out, but the remaining slopes are covered with cane fields, while the rim is fringed with trees.

Opihikao Village, about 7 miles southwestward from Cape Kumukahi, is marked by a prominent grass-covered mound, 125 feet (38 m) high, near the beach about 1 mile northeastward of the village. The village is situated among coconut trees. There is a small church with steeple near the beach.

Kaimu Village (Black Sand Beach), about 6 miles southwest of Opihikao, has a black sand beach that may be used as a landing place. The beach is steep and free from rocks. A small red church is situated near the beach on the north side of the village, which consists of only 3 or 4 houses among coconut trees.

Kalapana Village, 7 miles southwestward of Opihikao, is marked by a red-roofed pavilion and a white church with square tower. These buildings are close together, near the sand beach, and 150 yards seaward of a yellow church with red spire. The village is situated on the low ground on the north side of Hakuma Point, a black, flat-topped headland 50 feet (15.2 m) high. This is the most prominent point in the vicinity, and obscures the village from the southwest. About 4 mile northeastward of the village is a thick grove of pandanus trees.

Kii Village, 211⁄2 miles southwestward of Kalapana, consists of a few scattered houses between which are coconut trees. The coast in this vicinity is of black lava, 20 to 50 feet (6.1 to 15.2 m) high. The slopes in back of Kii are covered with low vegetation for about 3 miles to the first hills, which are forest covered.

Apua Point, 12 miles southwest of Kii, is a low, bare point. Shoal water extends off the point for 300 yards or more. It is reported that a steamer touched bottom off this point and vessels should give it a berth of at least 1 mile.

Keauhou Landing is 21⁄2 miles westward of Apua Point. At this point the bluffs are yellow, steeper, and near the beach. The plain at the foot of the bluffs is low, and on a dark night the beach is hard to see. About 2 miles westward of Keauhou is a yellow bluff about 300 feet (91 m) high at its northeasterly end. This is the most prominent landmark near the beach on this part of the coast. About 312 miles west of Apua Point there is a low islet close inshore, almost joined to the mainland at its easterly extremity by shoal water. Small boats find shelter behind this island by entering from the west. Between the prominent point 1 mile southwestward of Kii (Kupapau Point) and Keauhou the plain along the shore and the lower slopes of the mountains are devoid of vegetation; higher up the mountains are wooded. Beginning at a point about 10 miles east of Keauhou there are a series of bluffs several hundred feet high from 1 to 3 miles back from the shore. The bluffs are marked by numerous lava flows. The volcano of Kilauea cannot be seen from seaward, but its location can be told approximately in the daytime by the smoke which it discharges and at night by the glare on the clouds when active.

Kau Desert is the country southward of the volcano and is devoid of vegetation. The Great Crack, on the western side of the lava flow of 1823 from Mauna Loa, marks the western limits of the desert. The Great Crack, which is visible from seaward, passes along the eastern side of Puula Hill, which is 111⁄2 miles inland and 994 feet (303 m) high. A sharply defined, low, black cone is located about 5 miles inland and on the easterly side of the lava flow of 1823 at an elevation of about 1,800 feet (549 m).

Pahala mill, about 4 miles northward of Punaluu and 3 miles from the coast, is white and has two tall, white stacks. It is lighted at night, and is a good mark both by day and night.

The country between the Great Crack and Punaluu is covered with sugarcane to an elevation of about 2,000 feet (610 m); beyond this it is wooded up the mountain side to within about 6,000 feet (1,829 m) of its summit. Here and there bare lava flows cut up the cane fields. Cane in the Kau district extends as far westward as Waiohinu.

Punaluu Harbor (chart 4162) was formerly the shipping point for Pahala, but the landing is no longer used and the sugar of the district is now shipped from Honuapo. Small boats find some protection in from 6 to 11 feet (1.8 to 3.4 m) close to the eastern shore of the small bight which forms the harbor. The landing, which is at the head of the bight, is marked by the ruins of a warehouse. A prominent yellow church with green steeple is situated 1/4 mile southwest of the landing and about 1 mile inland. The south western part of the bight is foul. A rock, awash at half tide, lies 240 yards. 157° true (SE. by S. mag.) from the landing; another, with 8 feet (2.4 m) of water over it, lies 40 yards farther offshore on the same bearing. The entrance is between these rocks and the shore to the northward. A rock with 3 feet (0.9 m) over it lies 1 mile east of the entrance and 80 yards offshore. The northeast trades tend to haul more offshore here, but in rough weather breakers extend completely across the entrance and passage is then impossible. The church and houses of Hilea, 134 miles west of Punaluu and 111⁄2 miles inland, can be seen from seaward. Back of the landing up to an elevation of about 3,500 feet (1,067 m) the slopes are broken; above this they appear regular and gradual to the summit of Mauna Loa. The upper slopes of Mauna Loa can only be seen from several miles offshore.

Enuhe (worm) Butte, 3 miles northwestward of Punaluu, is the seaward end of Enuhe Ridge and is a conspicuous flat-topped cone having an elevation of 2,327 feet (709 m). Iholena Butte, Pakua Butte, and Makanao Butte are promontories of Iholena Ridge, which extends for 3 miles northwest from the village of Hilea. Ninole Gulch lies between the two ridges, making the region extremely rugged with the buttes standing out boldly. The buttes are promínent from either the southwestward or northeastward.

Kaumaikeohu Peak, about 5 miles northward of Punaluu, is a prominent cone 3,430 feet (1,045 m) high, situated on the southeast boundary of the Kau Forest Reserve.

Honuapo Harbor (chart 4162), 411⁄2 miles southwestward of Punaluu, is a slight indentation in the coast line and is marked by a wharf 200 feet (61 m) long with two large molasses tanks near

its inshore end. The most prominent landmark from offshore is a cliff 236 feet (72 m) high and 11⁄2 mile southwest of the wharf. Its upper half shows black against the light-brown background of the hills, and the lower half is a grass-covered slide. There are two churches-one (without steeple) 100 yards northwest of the wharf; the other (with steeple) about 300 yards northward of the wharf. The stack and white buildings of the sugar mill, % mile northward of the landing, are prominent, as are the five silver-colored tanks of the Standard Oil Co., 150 yards north of the wharf. A fixed red light, maintained by private interests, is shown on steamer nights only. It is located 185 yards northeastward from the inshore end of the wharf, at the northeast corner of the Standard Oil building. The wharf, which is owned by the Territory and managed by a private concern, has 23 feet (7 m) at the outer end. Ships do not tie up to the wharf but drop both anchors 1/4 mile to the southeastward of it, the port in about 10 fathoms (18.3 m) and the starboard in about 19 fathoms (35 m). Lines are run out to the wharf and to mooring buoys, and the ship lies heading 140° true (SE. 1⁄2 E. mag) with the wharf astern; the stern of the ship is then about 225 yards from the end of the wharf in about 10 fathoms (18.3 m). Freight is handled with lighters.

There is a local pilot whose services may be obtained by wire from Hilo. Fees for pilot service are dependent on tonnage. There is a charge of $15 for tying up and casting off. Stevedores are available. Both interisland and ocean-going steamers make regular calls here. If entering for anchorage only, head for the Standard Oil building (or the fixed red light), steering 335° true (NW. 34 N. mag) and anchor in 18 fathoms (33 m).

Be

Some of the slopes back of Honuapo are covered with cane. tween Punaluu and Honuapo the shore is composed of masses of black lava rock, which project out into deep water. There are two conspicuous lava flows which run down to the beach northeastward of Honuapo, one about 11⁄2 miles and the larger one 4 miles from the landing.

The villages of Naalehu and Waiohinu are situated on the southern side and at the base of Kapuna Mountain, which is 2,109 feet (643 m) high and 234 miles westward of Honuapo Harbor. The country between these villages and South Cape is a grassy plain on which cattle range.

Maniania Pali, which begins at Kimo Point, 2 miles south of Honuapo, and ends at Waikapuna Bay, is a black cliff with a band of yellow clay on top. It is from 100 to 200 feet (30 to 61 m) high. From here to Kamilo Point the coast is low and rocky.

Kamilo Point, about 8 miles southwestward of Honuapo, is a low, dark lava mass, on which is a black lava monument with a square base, surmounted by a dome. A reef, over which the sea generally breaks, extends about 1/4 mile off the point. The shore on both sides of the point is strewn with driftwood, and there are a few abandoned sheds.

Kaalualu Bay, about 1 mile westward of Kamilo Point, affords good shelter for small craft during northeast trades, but is exposed during kona weather. With the easterly entrance point bearing 90° true (E. by N. mag.), distant about 200 yards, anchorage may be had

in about 10 fathoms (18.3 m). Between the anchorage and the cattle chute, which is in the northeast part of the bay, are several submerged coral reefs, which should be avoided, especially when there is a heavy swell. There is a green house with white roof and a cattle shed on the beach on the west side of the bay. Between Kaalualu and the South Cape the grassy plain is occasionally broken by bare lava spots. Two miles southwestward of Kaalualu the low coast line is broken by a 284-foot (87 m) grayish cinder cone.

Kalae (South Cape), 5 miles southwestward of Kaaluala Bay, a low, grass-covered point, is marked by a group flashing white light. The southeasterly shore is low, while the shore on the westerly side begins with a low bluff at the point and rises gently for a distance of 2 miles to the northward to a height of 335 feet (102 m), where it leaves the shore and trends inland for several miles, increasing in height and forming the Mamalu Pali, a remarkable cliff when seen from the westward. There is a wind-power generator on a skeleton tower near the light. Shoal water extends for 12 mile south of the point, and all vessels should keep 1 mile off to avoid possible dangers. On account of the shore current, which sometimes sets northeastward against the trade winds, it is generally rough on the easterly side of the cape. Offshore the current sets southwestward. There is an emergency airplane landing field on the point, near the light.

WEST COAST OF HAWAII (CHART 4115)

From Kalae (South Cape) to Upolu Point, a distance of about 98 miles, the coast has a general northerly trend. It is only partially surveyed, but is generally bold. The largest outlying reef, about 1/2 mile wide, is in Kawaihae Bay. At Kawili Point and Kumukehu Point, 32 and 72 miles northward of Keahole Point, shoal water extends about 1/2 mile offshore; otherwise, off the numerous capes and points the reefs do not make out over 1/4 mile, and all dangers may be avoided by giving the coast a berth of about 1 mile.

There are no harbors or anchorages on this coast that afford shelter during all winds, although they are all smooth during the regular northeast trades, but exposed during kona weather.The trade winds draw around Kalae and hold northward offshore for about 3 miles, generally causing a rough sea. Close inshore the sea is generally smooth.

That section of the coast which lies between Kalae and Kawaihae Bay, 75 miles northward, is known as the Kona coast. The country along this coast is broken up by numerous lava flows, varying in length from a few hundred yards to 30 miles, that have broken out from Mauna Loa and Mount Hualalai and carried destruction with them on their way to the sea. Between these flows there are sections of country which are heavily wooded and covered with vegetation above an elevation of 1,500 feet (457 m), and there are large areas under cultivation. Many of the lava flows reach the coast and terminate in bluffs, some fairly high and others only a few feet above the water. Scattered trees and bushes will be seen between many of the flows.

From a point 2 miles northward of Kalae, where Mamalu Pali turns inland toward Mount Akihi, to Hanamalo Point there is a