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Westward from Kolo Harbor to Laau Point the coast is low with a narrow sand beach, broken here and there by short stretches of rocky shore. The coral reef gradually becomes narrower until it disappears at Laau Point. Haleolono Point, 3 miles west of Kolo, is a conspicuous brown bluff, about 50 feet (15.2 m) high, and extending for 1 mile along the water's edge. Waieli Hill, 1 mile northeast of Haleolono Point, is 625 feet (190 m) high, and is bare and prominent.

Laau Point, the southwest point of Molokai, is low and rocky, and is marked by Laau Point Light. The 10-fathom (18.3 m) curve around the point is about 1/2 mile offshore. The prevailing current off Laau Point is northerly, and vessels are cautioned against a set onto the point.

Penguin Bank, an extensive shelf, makes out from the western end of Molokai, in a general west-southwesterly direction for a distance of 28 miles from Laau Point. The bottom on the bank is fairly flat and consists of sand and coral, with soundings of 21 to 30 fathoms (38 to 55 m). Along its northern, western, and southern edges it drops off very abruptly into over 100 fathoms (183 m). In the vicinity of Laau Point there is a continuous westerly current flowing along the south shore of Molokai and turning sharply to the north as it rounds the point. There is a strong tide rip west and north of the point forming breakers when the wind is northerly. There is a northeast set over the entire bank, which joins the northerly current along the west coast of Molokai. This current is not felt in the deep water west of Penguin Bank, but is apparent at the edge of the bank, when passing inside of the 100-fathom curve. There is no apparent connection between this current and the tides, and the trade winds appear to have little effect upon it, although it appears to be stronger or weaker according as there is a barometric depression north or south of the islands.

Between Laau Point and Ilio Point, a distance of about 8 miles, the west coast of Molokai is bare, low, and rolling, cut up by a few small gulches, and rises gently from the beach, the latter being marked by low bluffs and short stretches of sand beaches.

Papohaku Roadstead (chart 4121), 6 miles northeastward of Paau Point, is an abandoned wire landing formerly used for loading pineapples. The foundations of the loading tower may still be seen on the 60-foot (18.3 m) rocky bluff which projects out 200 yards: from the general coast line. The 10-fathom (18.3 m) curve lies: about 2 mile offshore in this vicinity.

Ilio Point, the northwesterly point of Molokai, is a low peninsula about 1/4 miles long and 3/4 mile wide and rounded at its outer end. Shallow water makes off about 1/4 mile northwest of the point.. During heavy weather, breakers have been observed about 1/4 mile offshore. A hill, 293 feet (89 m) high, is situated 3⁄4 mile in from the end of the point.

From Ilio Point to Cape Halawa, a distance of about 32 miles,, the north coast of Molokai has a general easterly trend. It is not surveyed, but is generally bold. There are no harbors or anchorages: on this coast affording shelter in all winds. Kalaupapa is the only port of call for the local steamer, and with this exception there is practically no traffic along this coast, and no reason for deep-draft vessels to stand close to shore.

Mokio Point, about 3 miles east of Ilio Point, is a low rocky bluff, and is marked by a detached rock close to the point.

About 5 miles eastward of Ilio Point a low precipitous cliff (Hauakea Pali) runs inland at right angles to the beach and forms the westerly boundary to the low plain that extends across the island. The seaward end of this cliff looks like a large white sand bank and is the most conspicuous landmark in the vicinity. From this cliff eastward the bluffs along the coast gradually increase in height until they become precipitous cliffs, in some places between 2,000 and 3,000 feet (610 and 914 m) high, and continue to the northeast end of the island. Paualaia Point, 91⁄2 miles eastward of Ilio Point, is not prominent.

Makanalua Peninsula, 16 miles eastward of Ilio Point, is low, about 11⁄2 miles wide, and extends out about 24 miles northward from the face of a high precipitous cliff. It is marked by Molokai Light, the only light on the north side of the island that is shown continuously. The light structure, a white tower 132 feet (40 m) high, is situated on an 80-foot (24.4 m) grass-covered mound about 1/4 mile in from Kahiu Point. There is deep water close to the peninsula, except on the westerly side, where a reef about 3/4 mile long extends about 1/4 mile offshore, just northward of the landing at Kalaupapa. A steamer, wrecked on this reef, is (1932) situated in an upright position about 1 mile offshore.

Kalaupapa, on the western side of Makanalua Peninsula, is the village of the leper settlement which occupies the peninsula. A permit to land is necessary, unless on Government business. The boat landing, which has 2 feet (0.6 m) of water alongside, is somewhat protected by a stone breakwater about 25 yards long. A fixed red light is displayed at the landing once a week when the local steamer calls, or when required. A church, with a white square tower and cross, and numerous houses may be seen among trees in the vicinity of the landing.

Anchorage can be found in about 12 fathoms (21.9 m) 14 mile off the landing, with the square tower and cross of the church and the landing derrick on range.

Between Makanalua Peninsula and Cape Halawa the country presents a very irregular and jagged appearance, and is more or less covered with vegetation. The precipitous cliffs along the coast are much cut up with deep gulches, bights, and headlands, and except for a few piles of débris at the foot of the cliffs and a few level spots in the mouths of the gulches, no landing can be made.

Kalawao, on the southeast side of Makanalua Peninsula, is part of the leper settlement.

Mokapu Island, 3 miles southeastward of Molokai Light and 34 mile offshore, is 360 feet (110 m) high. It is the outermost of two islets; the other, Okala İsland, is 370 feet (113 m) high and close to shore.

Pahu Point, 5 miles southeastward of Molokai Light, is a bold, pyramid-like headland 1,020 feet (311 m) high, which is the seaward end of a sharp ridge extending inland on the west side of a deep gulch. Mokolea Rock, over which the seas always break, lies 12 mile off this point.

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Umilehi Point, 1 mile east of Pahu Point, is the double-pointed seaward end of a steep ridge. It is particularly conspicuous, and appears as a small crater with the entire seaward side blown out. Mokohola Island, a dark rock 20 feet (6.1 m) high, lies 1/4 mile off Umilehi Point.

Pelekunu Landing is on the westerly side of the cove at the mouth of the deep gulch between Pahu and Umilehi Points. It is marked by a small deserted village and an abandoned landing derrick. Neither the village or the derrick are readily seen from offshore. Vessels have anchored in the cove, which affords some protection from the trade winds, but it is unsurveyed and cannot be recommended. The visible rocks and islets off the cove and along the shore to the westward indicate the possibility of submerged rocks, and strangers are cautioned to keep well offshore.

Wailau is on the westerly side of Lepau Point, about 8 miles eastward of Molokai Light. It is at the mouth of a wide gulch, and consists of deserted taro patches and a few houses that are occasionally used by fishermen.

The eastern half of the north coast of Molokai is noted for its rugged scenery and numerous high waterfalls. Papalaua Falls, 5 miles westward of Cape Halawa and just southward of Kikipua Point, may be seen at the head of a deep gulch. It starts from an elevation of about 2,000 feet (610 m), and in one place has a perpendicular fall of about 500 feet (152 m).

Lamaloa Head, marking the westerly entrance to Halawa Bay, is a precipitous cliff 837 feet (255 m) high.

Halawa Bay, at the northeasterly end of Molokai, is about 12 miles wide between Cape Halawa and Lamaloa Head and indents the coast about 3/4 mile. There is no shelter from the trades, but an indifferent anchorage can be found in 5 fathoms (9.1 m) about 1/4 mile off the old landing on the northerly side of the village. The shores of the bay are, for the most part, high cliffs. There are two black, detached rocks close to the southerly shore. Halawa consists of a few houses on the southwesterly side of the bay, in the mouth of a deep gulch that penetrates the island in a westerly direction; a waterfall can be seen about 1 mile up the gulch. About 11⁄2 mile eastward of the village, at the waters edge on the South shore, is the conspicuous face of a triangular cliff, about 300 feet (91 m) high. Halawa marks the northeast end of the highway which skirts the southern shore of the island. Steamers no longer call here.

Kaiwi Channel lies between Molokai and Oahu and is about 22 miles wide and clear of obstructions. The trade winds which follow the northerly and southerly shores of Molokai draw across the channel toward Makapuu Head. Little dependence can be placed on the currents except that there is a general northerly current over Penguin Bank.

OAHU (CHART 4110)

the third in size of the islands, lies 22 miles westward of Molokai. It is about 40 miles long between Makapuu Head and Kaena Point and about 26 miles wide between Kahuku Point and Barbers Point. It includes two important mountain systems, and in general presents a more rough and jagged skyline than any of the other islands.

Koolau Range parallels the northeasterly coast for nearly its entire distance. The southeasterly part, between Makapuu Head and a point abreast of Heeia on Kaneohe Bay, is marked on its seaward side by a sheer, rocky cliff, or pali, nearly 2,000 feet (610 m) high in places. Northwestward of this point the cliffs give way to steep, rugged slopes. From offshore the northwesterly half of the range presents a long ridge sloping gradually downward and ending in low bluffs near Kahuku Point. The crest of the ridge and about half the seaward slope is wooded, below which it is grass-covered. The entire range presents a very jagged appearance and is cut up on its inshore side by deep gorges and valleys. The greatest elevation found on this range is Mount Konahuanui, which is 3,105 feet (946 m) high. This peak is back of Honolulu, on the east side of Nuuanu Valley, and overlooks the famous Nuuanu Pali at the head of the valley. On the easterly side of the range the land is low and rolling, cut up by a few sharp hills, and is under cultivation.

Waianae Mountains parallel the southwesterly coast for nearly the entire distance between Kaena Point and Barbers Point. Several spurs extend from the range toward the shore, forming short valleys. The range is much broken, and there are a number of high peaks. Mount Kaala, 4,030 feet (1,228 m) high, has the greatest elevation. Between these two important ranges is a plain which extends from Pearl Harbor to Waialua. This plain is under cultivation, except in the middle, where it is high and rolling and somewhat cut up. Population. By the census of 1930, Oahu had 202,887 inhabitants.

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Winds. Between Diamond Head and Honolulu the wind comes offshore during the trades.

Rainfall. The rainfall in Oahu varies greatly in different localities. The greatest amount is found on the southwesterly side of the Koolau Range opposite Punaluu.

Repairs.-There are machine shops at Honolulu where extensive repairs can be made. See page 62.

Communication with the mainland of the United States and with British Columbia, Australia, and the Orient may be had by several regular lines of steamers. There is a frequent service by coasting steamers around the islands. An excellent airplane service is maintained between the larger islands and Honolulu.

There is communication by telephone to all parts of Oahu, and by radio to the other islands, the mainland of the United States, and the Orient. There is cable communication with San Francisco and also with Manila via Midway and Guam. Radiotelephone service is maintained between the islands and with the mainland of the United States.

Railroads.-There is a railroad that runs westward from Honolulu along the southwesterly and northwesterly coast as far as Kahana, on the northeasterly coast. A branch of this railroad runs to Wahiawa, in the interior of the island.

Highways.-There are good highways in many parts of the island, and transportation can be obtained at most of the towns. A highway skirts the entire coast of the island except for a short distance around Kaena Point.

Currents. The currents around Oahu are variable in strength and direction, but the general movement of the water along the coast

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is westward or northward, the direction being modified by the trend of the coast. From Makapuu Head to Barbers Point, a distance of about 28 miles, the coast has a general westerly trend. It is fringed with coral reefs, varying from 12 to 1 mile in width, for nearly the entire distance between Koko Head and Barbers Point.

Harbors.-Honolulu is the only commercial harbor on the island affording protection in all winds.

SOUTH COAST OF OAHU (CHART 4131)

Makapuu Head, the easternmost point of Oahu, is a bold, barren, rocky headland 642 feet (196 m) high, on which is located Makapu Point Light (occulting white). There is a radiobeacon established at this lighthouse which sends out groups of 4 dashes during thick weather and also operates in clear weather the third 15 minutes of each hour from 7:30 p.m. to 6:45 a.m. (Hawaiian time; 157° 30′ west longitude) during clear weather. The radiobeacon towers may be seen near the summit of the head. The seaward side of this headland is a high, dark, sheer precipice, while the inshore side slopes rapidly to the valley which separates it from the mountain range. Makapuu Head is prominent and is generally the landfall for vessels bound from San Francisco to Honolulu. There is deep water close to the easterly end of the head, but between it and a position about abreast of Koko Crater a ledge makes offshore. The sea always breaks close to shore in this vicinity, and the 10-fathom (18.3 m) curve is about 3/4 mile from shore. Vessels should give this section of the coast a berth of about 1 mile, taking care to keep in not less than 20 fathoms (37 m). Between Makapuu Head and Koko Crater the coast is low and made up of sand, rock, and shingle.

Koko Crater, about 2 miles southwestward of Makapuu Head, is a sharp, brown cone, about 1,200 feet (366 m) high, and is a prominent landmark for vessels approaching from eastward. Between Koko Crater and Koko Head the coast is rocky and precipitous and somewhat irregular.

Hanauma Bay, just eastward of Koko Head, is about 1/4 mile wide and indents the coast about 3% mile. It affords good shelter for small craft, but during east-northeast or easterly winds it is very choppy off the entrance. A sand beach, fringed by a coral reef about 150 yards wide, extends across the head of the bay. Directly in back of the beach is a steep bluff, with a short trail leading up to the highway. The bay is a popular bathing beach.

Koko Head, about 2 miles southwestward of Koko Crater, is a bold promontory 644 feet (196 m) high. It has a flat top, with its seaward side precipitous and slopes off rapidly inshore. This headland is partly wooded on the lower slopes on the westerly side, but in general it presents a brown and barren appearance. The top is marked by a small shed. Kawaihoa Point, the southwesterly end of Koko Head, forms the southeasterly point of Maunalua Bay. There is deep water close to the southern side of Koko Head.

Maunalua Bay is an open bight on the westerly side of Koko Head. A coral reef fringes the shore, the water deepening gradually outside of the reef. Shoal water extends 3/4 mile from the head of the bay, but there is an opening in the reef where small boats may

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