pass to the sandy beach. Outside the 3-fathom (5.5 m) curve the bottom is regular, and vessels can anchor anywhere during ordinary weather in 8 or 10 fathoms (14.6 or 18.3 m). The shore of the bay is low and wooded. A narrow strip of lowland separates the head of the bay and Kuapa Pond. A radio mast may be seen at the water's edge 3 miles west of Koko Head.

Diamond Head (Leahi), about 6 miles westward of Koko Head, is an extinct crater, 761 feet (232 m) high, on the southerly side of which is located Diamond Head Lighthouse. The slopes and the top of the crater are bare and brown, but at its base it is thickly wooded. The slopes are steep, and on the seaward side there is a narrow bench about 100 feet (30 m) above the water, which shows a broken bluff line to seaward. The reef extends for 3% mile off Diamond Head Light and is marked off its outer end by Diamond Head Reef lighted buoy, moored in 15 fathoms (27.4 m), % mile 213° true (SSW. mag.) from the lighthouse.

Kupikipikio Point (Black Point) is a small, dark, rocky point 1 mile east of Diamond Head Light, and is marked by two flagstaffs and several houses among trees.

Between Diamond Head and Honolulu the coast is low and wooded, with a continuous coral reef extending offshore 1/4 to 1/2 mile. A large, white building is located at the water's edge about 1 mile northwestward of Diamond Head Light.

Waikiki Beach, a famous bathing beach, is about 1/2 miles northwestward of Diamond Head. The large, pink-colored Royal Hawaiian Hotel and the gray-colored Moana Hotel are situated close together near the shore and are very prominent. The natatorium, on the shore 3/4 mile southward of the hotels, is also prominent.

HONOLULU HARBOR (CHART 4109)

is the most important port in the Hawaiian Islands. It lies on the south side of Oahu, 15 miles westward of Makapuu Head and 13 miles eastward of Barbers Point. The entrance through a coral reef is a channel 5% mile long and 400 feet wide, and the harbor is 1/2 mile long and 300 to 500 yards wide. Both the channel and the harbor have been dredged to a depth of 35 feet (10.7 m). The channel is well marked by lighted buoys and a lighted range (both range lights fixed red), making the harbor easy of access for steamers both day and night.

There are depths of 30 to 40 feet (9.1 to 12.2 m) alongside the principal wharves. The depths at some of the wharves are subject to shoaling, and these shoal places are removed from time to time by dredging. A canal, 400 feet (122 m) wide, connects Honolulu Harbor and Kapalama Basin, 1/2 mile west of the harbor. In 1932 this canal was being dredged to a depth of 35 feet (10.7 m).

Honolulu is the capital of the islands. It is a city with all modern improvements, and in 1930 had 137,582 inhabitants. The city is locataed on the low plain that lies at the foot of the Koolau Range. There is a large foreign and coastwise trade.

Prominent features.-The most prominent objects in Honolulu from offshore are Aloha tower on Piers 9 and 10, east side of harbor; the tall, twin stacks of the electric plant close to the east side of

the harbor; the tall incinerator stack on the shore, 5% mile eastward of the harbor entrance; a water tank near the head of the harbor. At night, between 6 p.m. and midnight, a vertical red neon light on a radio tower is very prominent. The neon light is over 100 feet (30 m) high and is located 1,285 yards 112° true (E. by S. mag.) from Honolulu Harbor Light. It is visible about 20 miles to southward.

Aloha Tower is about 190 feet (58 m) high and about 40 feet (12.2 m) square. Honolulu Harbor Light is located on the top of this tower. The features of the tower include an electric siren, a clock with 12-foot (3.7 m) faces showing on all four sides, and a pilot's lookout. The stacks of the electric plant are of light-gray concrete, 221 feet (67 m) high, 87 feet (26.5 m) between centers, and are in line on approximately a NW. 11⁄2 N. bearing. The water tank is 140 feet (43 m) high and resembles a pineapple in shape and color.

The Fort Armstrong flagstaff, at the easterly side of the harbor entrance, is fairly prominent, as is also the tall, sharp spire of the Central Union Church, 2 miles east of the harbor. Kamehameha School buildings are located on the 500-foot (152 m) level about 2 miles north of the harbor; they are flat, tan-colored, and may be seen from many miles seaward.

Punchbowl is a flat-topped, conical hill, 498 feet (152 m) high, lying immediately back of the city. Mount Tantalus, about 212 miles northeastward of Punchbowl, is a rounded peak 2,013 feet (613 m) high and is heavily wooded at its summit. Mount Konahuanui, about 2 miles northeastward of Mount Tantalus, is 3,105 feet (946 m) high and is the summit of the Koolau Range. It consists of double peaks which, when seen from southward of Honolulu, appear to be about the same height. Mount Lanihuli, about 11/2 miles west-northwestward of Mount Konahuanui, is dome-shaped, with a flat summit, and is 2,775 feet (846 m) high. Mount Kaala, about 4 miles north-northeastward of Waianae, is a flat-topped peak, the highest of the Waianae Mountains, and is 4,030 feet (1,228 m) high.

Pilotage is not compulsory, but vessels are required to pay half pilotage when a pilot is not taken, unless they have a coasting license. Pilots come out in small boats and meet vessels just outside the entrance. See appendix for Pilot Rules and Regulations.

Towboats can be had. Regular rates have been adopted, but for towing vessels from outside the pilot limits, an agreement is made between the vessel and the towboat.

Anchorage.-Vessels sometimes anchor outside of the harbor on either side of the entrance in 8 to 13 fathoms (14.6 to 23.8 m), sandy or coral bottom. The shoaling is more gradual and the depths more moderate on the west side of the entrance. The water shoals rapidly toward the reef, and vessels should approach the desired depths with caution. This anchorage is exposed to all southerly winds. There is not sufficient swinging room for large vessels to anchor within the harbor.

Wharves. There are numerous modern wharves with from 30 to 40 feet (9.1 to 12.2 m) of water alongside.

166211°-33—5

Harbor regulations are enforced by the harbor master. The harbor master should be informed ahead of time as to the date of a vessel's arrival, so that arrangements can be made for berthing and fueling.

Quarantine.-Vessels are boarded outside by surgeons of the Public Health Service at Honolulu, from whom full information can be obtained concerning quarantine and sanitary regulations. Vessels must not enter the harbor until boarded outside by the quarantine officer. The quarantine station is on the west side of the harbor (Sand Island), but the offices of the Public Health Service are in the Federal building.

Marine Hospital.-There are officers of the Public Health Service at Honolulu, to whom application can be made for medical relief, the office being in the Federal Building.

Supplies.-Coal and fuel oil can be obtained. Water can be obtained alongside the wharves. Provisions and ship chandlers' stores are to be had in the city.

Repairs.-There are machine shops at Honolulu where extensive repairs can be made. There are three floating dry docks, having keel-block lengths of 352 feet (107 m), 165 feet (50 m), and 53 feet (16.2 m), respectively. The large dry dock has a dead-weight capacity of 4,500 tons, and has lifted vessels over 400 feet (122 m) long. Divers may be obtained.

Time Service.--Vessels can obtain chronometer comparisons and geographical information relative to the islands at the Government survey office. See page 6 for time signals by radio.

A Coast and Geodetic field station is located in Aloha Tower. Charts and publications of the Service may be inspected or purchased here.

DIRECTIONS

The harbor is easy of access for steamers, both day and night. The trades generally blow offshore, and sailing vessels have to tow in. Caution: When approaching Honolulu Harbor at night from the westward, do not mistake the lights of settlements between Barbers Point and Kalihi entrance for the lights of Honolulu. The tall, conspicuous, red neon light in Honolulu is a good leading mark from the westward, when lighted.

When approaching Diamond Head from the southeastward, the many lights of Kaimuki district may be seen extending up the slopes to the northward of Diamond Head Crater. These lights are seen from a distance of 15 or 20 miles, and the red neon light of a theater in this group must not be mistaken for the vertical neon light near Honolulu Harbor, previously mentioned. The following directions lead in a least depth of about 35 feet (10.7 m).

From eastward, pass 111⁄2 miles or more south-southeastward and 1 mile or more south-southwestward of the Diamond Head Lighthouse, passing 600 yards or more south of the lighted buoy (flashing red) off Diamond Head, and steer for Mount Kaala, the highest peak of the Waianae Mountains, on a 312° true (NW. by W. 14 W. mag.) course for about 334 miles until Outside Entrance lighted buoy No. 2 (flashing white) is on the starboard beam, distant 300 yards or more. Continue the 312° course until 1/4 mile past this buoy, then haul

HONOLULU HARBOR, DIRECTIONS

63

to the northward and enter Honolulu Channel, passing between Entrance lighted buoys No. 1 (flashing white) and No 4 (flashing red) on a 292° true (N. by E. 5% E. mag.) course, with the channel range lights on line ahead. Continue on the range until past lighted buoy No. 5 (flashing white) and then haul northward, passing along the wharves.

From westward, passing southward of Barbers Point Reef lighted buoy (flashing white) and 12 miles or more southward of Barbers Point Light, vessels can at night steer for Diamond Head Light on any bearing northward of 93° true (E. 34 N. mag.), or in the daytime steer on any bearing northward of 87°30′ true (ENE. 4 E. mag.) for Koko Crater. Keep on or south of these bearing lines. The distance from Barbers Point to the entrance is 13 miles, and either course will lead clear until off the entrance of the harbor. Then follow the directions in the preceding paragraph.

The following descriptions and list of ranges may be found useful in swinging ship off Honolulu Harbor:

Fort Armstrong Flagstaff: A tall white flagstaff situated close to shore near Pier No. 1, at the southeast side of the entrance to Honolulu Harbor.

Cupola, New City Hall: The white, square tower of the new city hall, on King Street. The tower has a red tile roof, and is the whitest of the several towers in Honolulu.

Aloha Tower: The 190-foot (58 m) tower, about 40 feet (12.2 m) square, on Piers Nos. 9 and 10, on the east side of Honolulu Harbor, the most prominent object in the city.

Incinerator Stack: The lone, 130-foot (40 m) concrete stack at the water's edge, 1⁄2 mile southeast of the easterly entrance point to the harbor and just southwestward of Kewalo Basin.

Kewalo Basin, 5% mile eastward of Honolulu Harbor entrance and just eastward of the tall incinerator stack, is the small yacht basin of the city. The short channel through the coral reef is only about 50 yards wide but is marked on either side by buoys and beacons. About 15 feet (4.6 m) can be carried through the channel and depths of from 20 to 27 feet (6.1 to 8.2 m) will be found alongside the wharf at the northwest side of the basin. A lighted range (both lights fixed green) leads through the channel on a 31° true (N. by E. 34 E. mag.) course. The dredged basin extends about 300 yards eastward of the wharf, and affords a fine anchorage for sampans and launches in from 9 to 18 feet (2.7 to 5.5 m).

The water front for 14 miles eastward of Kewalo Basin is (1932) being improved with a city park. The dredging operations for the fill have made a small-boat channel, 1 mile long, along the bulkhead of the park. Boats now have an inside passage between Kewalo Basin and the small boat landing near the mouth of Ala Wai Canal. The coral reef extends from 3 to 1/2 mile offshore in this vicinity.

HONOLULU TO BARBERS POINT (CHARTS 4132, 4133)

Between Honolulu and Barbers Point the coast is a low, white, sandy beach covered with trees. Just westward of Honolulu there is an extensive inlet, much of which is bare at low water. This entire stretch of coast is fringed by a coral reef over which the sea generally breaks. There are openings in the reef at Honolulu and Kalihi, but it is possible that landings might be made at other places in smooth weather. The country back of the coast is low and covered with sugarcane; several large mills can be seen, the most prominent of which is the one at Ewa. This mill is large and around it are grouped several small, white buildings.

Kalihi Entrance, about 11⁄2 miles westward of Honolulu, is a narrow channel through the reef, used only by boats.

An airplane landing field is located near the north shore of Keehi Lagoon, 3 miles westward of Honolulu. It is marked by two large hangers.

Barbers Point is a low, flat coral plain covered with algaroba trees and is marked by Barbers Point Lighthouse, a white conical tower showing a group flashing white light. The coast curves gradually and shows a white, sandy beach with dark rocks here and there. The land is level back to the foothills of the Waianae Mountains, which are about 3 miles from shore. The slopes of the hills are steep and partly covered with vegetation, the bare red soil showing in places and giving them a noticeable reddish appearance. The reef extends 5% mile off Barbers Point. Barbers Point Reef lighted buoy (flashing white) is moored in 8 fathoms (14.6 m) 11⁄4 miles south-southeastward of Barbers Point Light.

SOUTHWEST COAST OF OAHU (CHART 4110)

From Barbers Point to Kaena Point, a distance of about 1912 miles, the southwest coast of Oahu has a general northwesterly trend. It is in most part bold, but there are a few outlying dangers, which will be avoided by giving the coast a berth of at least 12 miles. The coast consists of alternating ledges of rock and stretches of white sand beaches. The land near the coast is in most part high. Spurs extend to the coast from the Waianae Mountains, forming valleys. The valleys are heavily wooded, but the mountains are rocky and bare. There are no harbors or anchorages affording shelter in all winds. A shoal between 2 and 34 mile wide fringes the coast from Barbers Point to Kahe Point.

The Oahu railroad follows this coast, close to the shore, from a point 3 miles northwestward of Barbers Point to Kaena Point. Kahe Point, 311⁄2 miles northwestward of Barbers Point, is the seaward end of a mountain spur.

Nanakuli, 52 miles northward of Barbers Point, consists of a group of small homesteads near the shore, and is marked by two silver-colored water tanks about 1 mile inland.

Puuhulu Ridge, 311⁄2 miles northwestward of Kahe Point, is a narrow, rocky, barren ridge, 12 miles long, located at the southerly one of the two important projecting points of this coast, and is the most conspicuous landmark in this vicinity. The westerly end of the hill is close to the shore, has an elevation of 856 feet (261 m), and is precipitous on its seaward side.