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Sulu, elect their provincial governors.

Some localities

are not permitted to vote for municipal officers. With these exceptions, the officers usually to be voted for at an election are a senator to the Philippine Senate, a representative to the House of Representatives, the Provincial Governor, two members of the provincial board, a municipal president, a municipal vice-president, and councilors, the number of councilors varying according to the class of the municipality. In the sub-provinces of Catanduanes and Siquijor, the people would also vote for a lieutenantgovernor.

IIO. Political Parties.-Political parties are necessary for the conduct of government. Men differ in their opinions on public questions. The result is that in all countries people divide into groups called parties. Usually there are two great parties. The persons in one party will be the conservatives, or those who move slowly and do not wish to change the existing conditions, and in the other party, the radicals or those who wish to make changes immediately.

This system is for the good of a country, for both parties are striving to win the approval of the voters, and they must both act honorably and work for the public good. The opposition of a strong minority serves as a check upon the acts of the party in power.

In the United States the two great parties are the Republican party and the Democratic party. Sometimes one party is in power, and sometimes the other party.

In the Philippines, there have been a number of political parties since the days of American occupation. Two im

portant parties, the Federal party and the Progresista party, exist no longer. The two big parties now are the Nacionalista-Colectivista Party and the Democrata Party. The Nacionalista-Colectivista Party is in power with control of the Philippine Legislature. The Democrata Party is the party of the opposition.

These parties and other smaller parties nominate various men for offices in a party meeting called a caucus or convention. Sometimes individuals run for office independently, that is, without the support of a party.

The parties are directed by leaders and committees. They adopt a statement of policies called a "platform." They hold public meetings, make speeches, and do all that they can to influence men to vote for their candidates.

III. Candidates for Office.-A candidate for senator, representative, or a provincial office must file a certificate of candidacy not less than twenty days before the date set for the election. The period is ten days in the case of candidates for municipal offices. The certificate of candidacy for the office of senator or representative must be filed with the Chief of the Executive Bureau who is required to furnish the Secretaries of both Houses of the Legislature and the provincial boards where the elections are to be had, with copies thereof; that for a provincial office must be filed with the secretary of the Provincial Board, and that for a municipal office with the Municipal Secretary. The law requires that certified copies of the certificates of candidacy be forwarded to all polling places.

This certificate must show that the candidate is a resi

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dent of the district or province, a qualified voter, and eligible to the office. It must also show the post office address of the candidate and the name of the political party to which he belongs. Besides the certificate of candidacy, each candidate is required by law to sign and file a sworn statement in which it shall be stated that his expenses for the electoral campaign will not exceed onethird of the salary attached to the office for the term of the same.

A provincial governor or municipal president can be elected to office for only three terms in succession. For example, Mr. C. is elected municipal president in 1919 and is again elected to the same office in 1922 and 1925; Mr. C. could not be a candidate in 1928, but could be a candidate in 1931.

112. Election Precincts.-The municipal council must divide the municipality into districts, containing not more than three hundred voters. These districts are called election precincts and there must be at least one election precinct in every municipality. A map or diagram of the precinct must be posted at the place where the election is to be held, and at two other conspicuous places, in order that each voter may see in which precinct he belongs and know where he can vote.

113. Polling Places.-At least eighty days before the election, the council must choose a building in each precinct where the election is to be held. This place, which is called the polling place, should be as centrally located with respect to the residences of the voters as is practicable, and should be large enough to hold at least

twenty voters at one time. No building owned or controlled by a candidate for office can be used as a polling place.

The council must provide each polling place with the necessary ballot boxes, booths, guard rails surrounding the booths, blackboards, stationery, and supplies. The number of voting booths must be such that there is one for every fifty voters.

The division of the polling place and the location of the voting booths, guard rails, blackboards, and inspectors' table and chairs, shall as nearly as possible conform to the preceding sketch.

114. Election Officers.-At least ninety days before the election, the council must appoint three inspectors of election and one poll clerk with their respective substitutes to take charge of each election precinct. Two of these inspectors and their substitutes should belong to the party which had the largest number of votes at the preceding election, and the other inspector and substitute to the minority party. No person who holds a public office or is a candidate for office can be appointed an inspector or a poll clerk.

The election inspectors organize as a board, appointing one of their number as chairman. If they cannot agree upon a chairman, they draw lots for the position.

All meetings of the board of inspectors must be public. It is their duty to preserve order at elections.

115. Ballots.-Official ballots are provided and must be used in voting. These ballots are secured from

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