the Bureau of Printing in Manila and must be the same for all parts of the Philippines. Official ballots must be in the form as shown on page 132.

116. Watchers.-During the registration, voting, and counting of the votes a number of persons can come within the polling place but not within the guard rail, as watchers. Each candidate for senator, representative, provincial office, or municipal president, is entitled to a watcher. Candidates for municipal councilors who may want to have a watcher may appoint one of the watchers named by any of the candidates for the offices mentioned.

Watchers are allowed to see and hear the proceedings of the election board and to take notes of what they see and hear. Watchers can read the ballots after they have been read by the inspectors, but may not touch the ballots.

117. Registration.-Before one can vote he must be registered. This means that his name must appear upon the list of voters which the board of inspectors writes out.

The board of inspectors holds four meetings for the registration of voters, on the sixth Friday and sixth Saturday and the fifth Friday and fifth Saturday before the election. They also meet upon the Saturday before the election for a final correction of the list. At these meetings the inspectors prepare a list of names and residences of the persons qualified to vote who present themselves for registration.

Any one wishing to register must show his cedula for the preceding year and must take an oath. He must also have the qualifications prescribed for voters.

If the right of any person to register is challenged, the board examines the person challenged, investigates the matter, and then decides whether he may register or not. All contests in connection with the registration of voters are heard before the circuit justice of the peace, the justice of the peace at the provincial capital, or the Judge of the Court of First Instance.

118. Qualifications for Voters. In many countries any man who is twenty-one years of age or over can vote. Some other countries, like the United States, also permit all women over twenty-one to vote. In the Philippines, however, there are stricter qualifications. The Jones Law and the Election Law of the Philippines state the following qualifications and disqualifications:

To be a voter in the Philippines, one must be either a citizen of the Philippine Islands or a citizen of the United States, a male person twenty-one years of age or over, a resident of the Philippines for one year and of the municipality for six months preceding the election day, and must belong to one of the following classes: Those who own real property to the value of five hundred pesos, or who annually pay thirty pesos or more as taxes; those who are able to read and write either English, Spanish, or a native language; those who had voted prior to August 29, 1916. On the other hand, certain persons are prohibited from voting. The following cannot vote: foreigners, women, the insane and feeble-minded, a person sentenced to not less than eighteen months' imprisonment and not granted a full pardon, and a person who has violated the oath of allegiance to the United States.

Election inspectors should be very sure that the person who wishes to register and vote has all the qualifications and none of the disqualifications.

119. Voting. On election day, the polls must be open from seven o'clock in the morning until six o'clock in the afternoon. During these hours not more than one member of the board of inspectors can be absent at any one time and then for not longer than twenty minutes.

When the polls are open, no one except the members of the board of inspectors, the poll clerk, the necessary police, and voters receiving or depositing their ballots, shall be allowed within the guard rail. Public officers, especially the police, are prohibited from interfering with the election or from attempting to influence voters.

When the polls are open, each voter first passes within the guard rail of the polling place, and tells one of the inspectors his name and residence. The inspector then announces the voter's name and residence in loud voice. If the person's name is on the list of registered voters and if his right to vote is not challenged, or if challenged and the board of inspectors decides in his favor, the poll clerk gives him one ballot, correctly folded. The voter then enters one of the empty booths. He there prepares his ballot by writing in the proper space for each office the name of each person for whom he desires to vote. He should be careful not to make any other mark on the ballot, for if he does so, the ballot will not be counted.

A person who cannot write or is blind is allowed to select a person of his confidence to prepare the ballot for him in company with a watcher selected by the voter.

This confidential person and watcher are required to take oaths to the effect that they will comply with the wishes of the elector in the preparation of the ballot.

When a ballot is properly prepared, the voter returns to the poll clerk, who again announces his name and residence. The chairman of the board receives the ballot without seeing or showing its contents and places it in the ballot box in the presence of the voter. Then a mark is placed opposite the voter's name on the registration list to show that he has voted and may not vote again.

Before voting one should read the sample ballot and other instructions with care in order to avoid mistakes. Voters should decide for whom they desire to vote before they come to the polling place, in order to save time.

120. Canvass of Returns.-When the polls of an election are closed, the board of inspectors publicly count the votes. The board cannot depart until the count is finished. The board cannot make any announcement before they know the final result of the election.

The procedure for the counting of the votes is as follows: The board of inspectors first finds out from the registration list the number of persons who have voted. The board then opens the box of ballots cast, and counts the ballots therein. The number of voters counted on the registration list and the number of ballots should be the same. If, however, the ballots found in the box are more than the number of voters on the list of registered voters, then the ballots are returned to the box and thoroughly mingled and one of the inspectors draws from the box the extra ballots so that the number of ballots and the number