a vice-president, a secretary, a treasurer, and a council. Some municipalities elect their president, vice-president and councilors, while in others the municipal president

is appointed.

Municipal districts are organized in localities where it is not advisable to form municipal governments.

Text Questions

1. Who are the Moros? Are the Moros Filipinos?
2. How do the Moros differ from other Filipinos?

3. What are datus? What was the name given to the most famous ruler in Mindanao and Sulu?

4. When was civil government established in Mindanao and in the Sulu Archipelago.

5. Give a general description of the Island of Mindanao and of the Sulu Archipelago.

.6. What government was first established in Mindanao and Sulu after American occupation?

7. What was the Bates Treaty?

8. What was the Moro Province?

9. What was the Department of Mindanao and Sulu? 10. What is the most important city in Mindanao and Sulu?

II. What bureau of the insular government has supervision of the provinces in the former Department of Mindanao and Sulu?

12. Name the provinces of the Island of Mindanao organized under special laws. Name two other provinces in the Island of Mindanao which are regular provinces.

13. Describe the present government in Mindanao and Sulu.

14. How is the provincial governor selected in four provinces? How in three provinces? What officials make

up the provincial board? How is the third member elected? 15. What is the form of municipal government in Mindanao and Sulu? Does it differ in any way from the government in other municipalities?

THE COUNCIL OF STATE

The members of the Council of State, reading from left to right, are: Secretary of Justice Santos of
Pampanga; President of the Senate Quezon of Tayabas; Governor-General Wood; Vice-Governor Gilmore;
Speaker Roxas of Capiz; Secretary of the Interior Laurel of Batangas; Secretary of Finance Barretto of
Zambales; Secretary of Commerce and Communications Laguda of Occidental Negros; and Secretary of
Agriculture and Natural Resources Corpus of Zambales.

CHAPTER XVII

THE INSULAR GOVERNMENT

157. The Central Government. Since the days of Spanish occupation there has been a central government in the Philippines. The existing central government is usually called the Insular Government. The Jones Law and the Administrative Code are the two laws which now most affect the government of the Islands.

158. Division of Powers.-The Insular Government is divided into three branches called the executive power, the legislative power, and the judicial power

The executive power is vested in the Governor-General, the Vice-Governor, six executive departments, and bureaus and offices. The purpose of this power is to enforce the law.

The legislative power is vested in the Philippine Legislature. The purpose of this power is to make laws.

The judicial power is vested in the courts. The purpose of this power is to interpret the law.

Thus, the three powers, being equal in importance, act as a check and balance, one on the other. In this way the liberties of the people are protected.

159. The Council of State.-One criticism of the division of governmental powers into three branches is that it does not permit the executive power and the legislative power to work in harmony. Another criticism of

the government established under the Jones Law is that open and responsible Filipino leadership is difficult. Το solve these two problems, the Governor-General, by an executive order of 1918, created the Council of State "to aid and advise the Governor-General on public matters." The Council of State consists of the Governor-General, the Vice-Governor, the six secretaries of the executive departments, the President of the Philippine Senate, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

The Council of State usually meets once a week. The Governor-General is the president of the Council of State, and presides over its meetings. The members of the Council, however, elect a vice-president, who thus becomes the Filipino leader in the government, and who presides over the Council in the absence of the Governor-General.

The principal functions of the Council of State are the following: (1) it advises the Governor-General on important matters; (2) its approval may be required by law; (3) it prepares the budget before the GovernorGeneral sends it to the Legislature; (4) it decides upon the expenditures of government funds for certain purposes; and (5) it discusses important policies.

Test Questions

1. What is the Insular Government? State the two laws which most affect the Insular Government.

2. Give the three powers into which the government is divided. Describe each.

3. Why is it advisable to have three equal powers in the government?

4. What criticism is there of the division of powers?