stretched to the opposite Mount of Olives, that Christ will sit on the wall and Mohammed on the mount as judges, and that all men will be compelled to pass over the intervening space; the righteous, preserved by angels, will pass quickly and safely over, but the wicked will fall and be thrown into the abyss of hell.

The mosque El-Aksa also stands within the Haram area, and is a complex pile of buildings," the principal axis of which forms a right angle with the southern wall of the temple-precincts. It dates from Justinian, but has been several times partially in ruins and rebuilt. . . The building is altogether 270 feet long and about 198 feet in width. The dome is of wood covered with lead, and the windows are in part of stained glass of about the sixteenth century."

Just outside of the enclosure of the mosque El-Aksa, and near Robinson's Arch, is the noted Wailing-place of the

The Wailing-place of the Jews. (From Photographs.)

Jews. The cyclopean foundation-wall of the temple which bears this name is 156 feet in length and 56 feet in height. Nine of the lowest courses of stone consist of huge blocks; above these are fifteen layers of smaller stones. Some infer, and others deny, that these lower external layers are very ancient. The blocks are certainly old and of vast size, one in the western part being 16 feet, and another in the southern part 13 feet, in length. On Friday numbers of the Jews, old and young, male and female, gather here, kissing the stones, watering them with their tears, and bewailing the

downfall of their city, while they read or repeat from their well-worn Hebrew Bibles and prayer-books the Lamentations of Jeremiah and suitable Psalms, as the 76th and 79th. The following is an extract from their litany:

Leader: For the palace that lies desolate: -Response: We sit in solitude and mourn. L. For the palace that is destroyed:-R. We sit, etc.

L. For the walls that are overthrown:R. We sit, etc.

L. For our majesty that is departed:R. We sit, etc.

L. For our great men who lie dead:R. We sit, etc.

L. For the precious stones that are burned-R. We sit, etc.

L. For the priests who have stumbled:R. We sit, etc.

L. For our kings who have despised Him: -R. We sit, etc.

Another antiphon is as follows:

Leader: We pray Thee, have mercy on Zion!-Response: Gather the children of Jerusalem.

L. Haste, haste, Redeemer of Zion!R. Speak to the heart of Jerusalem.

L. May beauty and majesty surround Zion!--R. Ah! turn thyself mercifully to Jerusalem.

L. May the kingdom soon return to Zion! -R. Comfort those who mourn over Jerusalem.

L. May peace and joy abide with Zion!R. And the branch (of Jesse) spring up at Jerusalem. See Baedeker's Palestine.

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre ranks next to the temple-area in interest to the Christian. It is a "collection," says Schaff, "of chapels and altars of different ages, and a unique museum of religious curiosities from Adam to Christ. . . . In the centre of the rotunda, beneath the dome, is a small marble chapel, where pilgrims from every land in a ceaseless stream are going in and out, offering candles and kneeling before and kissing the empty [reputed] tomb of Christ." The church is also claimed to possess a piece of marble of Christ's sepulchre, the stone of anointment, three holes in which the crosses of Christ and of the two robbers were inserted, a cleft in the rock caused by the earthquake, the very spot where Christ was scourged, where his friends stood afar off, where his garments were parted, where the gardener appeared to Mary, the rockhewn tombs of Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea, the tombs of Adam. Melchizedek, and John the Baptist, and "the centre of the world." It is of course

claimed as the site of Calvary. See p.

445.

The

The Citadel and the Tower of David, opposite the Jaffa-gate, consist of an irregular group of five square towers, originally surrounded by a ditch. foundations of the towers are of thick walls rising at an angle of about 45°; for 39 feet from the bottom of the moat the masonry is of large drafted blocks with rough surfaces, and the forms of the stones higher up indicate that these foundations are ancient. In the northeastern corner stands an ancient tower, bearing the name of David, but probably the remains of one of the towers of Herod's palace. Robinson and Baedeker suggest that the building answers to the description given by Josephus of the Hippicus tower, but others regard its dimensions as agreeing better with those of the tower of Phasælus.

The Castle of Goliath is at the northwestern angle of the present wall, and upon the highest ground within the city limits. The Via Dolorosa, or "street of sorrows," is a portion of the street along which it is said our Saviour was led to his crucifixion; but the name dates only from the fourteenth century.

Tombs. Some of the rock-tombs about the city have already been noticed. The ground in the vicinity of Jerusalem has been described as one "vast cemetery." In the days of King Josiah "the graves of the children of the people" were in the valley of the Kedron. 2 Kgs. 23: 6. The great Jewish cemetery is on the slope of Olivet; the Tombs of the Prophets are near the southern peak of Olivet; the Tombs of the Kings are half a mile north of the Damascus gate; and about a mile beyond are the Tombs of the Judges. Portions of the western side of the valley of the Kedron are still full of tombs.

The Inhabitants.-The present population of Jerusalem is variously estimated, as no census has been taken. Robinson, in 1841, made the total population 11,500, but later was inclined to place it at 17,000. Drake (1874) puts it at 20,900, Baedeker 24,000; Dr. Neuman, a Jewish physician 15 years a resident of the city, estimates it at 36,000. Baedeker distributes the 24,000 as follows: 13,000 Moslems, 7000 Christians, 4000 Jews. The Turkish statistics of 1871 give the

number of families or houses: 1025 Moslem, 630 Jewish, 299 Orthodox Greek, 179 Latin, 175 Armenian, 44 Coptic, 18 Greek Catholic, 16 Protestant, and 7 Syrian-in all, 2393 families. Dr. Neuman distributes his estimate of 36,000 into 15,000 Mohammedans, 13,000 Jews, and 8000 Christians, including 5000 Franks. In the Easter season about a dozen languages are now heard there besides the vernacular Arabic, illustrating the scene during the Pentecost. Acts 2: 7-11. Drake estimates that the Jews are increasing in Jerusalem at the rate of 1200 to 1500 per year.

The religion of the people also represents various faiths. The Greek Church is the strongest in wealth, numbers, and influence, having the support of the Russian power. Its members are chiefly Arabs, speaking Arabic, while the clergy are mostly foreign Greeks, speaking modern Greek. The Church has several monasteries, churches, two hospices, and two schools. The Old Armenian Church has a resident patriarch, a large monastery, with a printing-office, and a seminary with about 40 students, a nunnery, and a smaller monastery. The Coptic, Ancient Syrian, and Abyssinian Churches each has a small religious community. The Latins, or Roman Catholics, are said to number 1500. In their Franciscan monastery is a printing-press, chiefly used for printing school-books in Arabic, a school for boys, and the Latins also have a hospital and three other schools in the city. The Jews have four holy cities in Palestine: Jerusalem, Safed, Tiberias, and Hebron. In Jerusalem they live largely on the charity of their European brethren. They are divided into three sects; their quarter of the city is squalid, dirty, and uninviting. In Jerusalem, and there only, is the Hebrew language used (by the Jews) in ordinary conversation. The only newspapers printed in the city are in the Hebrew language. The Protestant community in Jerusalem is very small. There is a bishop jointly supported by the Prussian and the English Churches, which maintain a mission and have a church, schools, orphanages, and hospitals. The first Protestant bishop was Alexander, the second, Gobat (died 1879), the third, Barclay (consecrated 1879). There are three Protestant

Churches, the English Church of Sion, the native Arab Church, and the German Church, on the property of the Prussian government.

This is Jerusalem in her decay. Of Jerusalem in her grandeur we can only gain more certain knowledge by further thorough archæological explorations. The Palestine Exploration Fund, under careful and extended excavations by Capts. Wilson (1864) and Warren (1867), made a noble beginning. Among the results of their work were: (1) That the ancient city lies deeply buried beneath the present surface; (2) that the height of the temple-walls was great, as Josephus declares; (3) that Phoenician workmen were employed in building the temple, as stated in the book of Kings. (4) Strong proofs as to the location and extent of the temple-area have been furnished, especially showing the views of Mr. Fergusson and others, that the temple occupied a square of only 600 feet in the south-western angle of the area, to be erroneous. (5) The conjecture of Robinson respecting the location of the bridge over the Tyropoon has been verified. (6) The water-supply of the city, and particularly of the temple, has been proved to be very extensive and quite abundant.

For the history of Jerusalem, ancient and modern, the following are among the works which may be consulted: Josephus; Eusebius's and Jerome's Onomasticon, French ed., 1862; Reland's, Palestina ex Monumentis Veteribus Illustrata, Traj. Batav. 1714, 2 vols. sm. 4to; W. H. Bartlett, Walks in and about Jerusalem, 4th. ed., London, 1852, roy. 8vo, and his Topography of Jerusalem, 1845; E. Robinson, Biblical Researches, New York, 1841, 3 vols. 8vo, and his later Biblical Researches, 1856, 8vo; W. Krafft, Die Topographie Jerusalems, Bonn, 1865; Fergusson, Essay on the Ancient Topography of Jerusalem, London, 1847, imp. 8vo, and The Holy Sepulchre and the Temple at Jerusalem, 8vo; Early Travels in Palestine, edited by T. Wright, London, 1848, post 8vo; G. Williams, The Holy City, London, 1849, 2 vols. 8vo; J. T. Barclay, The City of the Great King, 1 vol. 8vo, pp. 627, 1857; Churchill, Mount Lebanon, London, 185562, 4 vols. 8vo; W. M. Thomson, The Land and the Book, New York, 1858, 2

vols. 12mo, new ed. 1879; Pierotti, Jerusalem Explored, London, 1864, 2 vols. fol.; Lewin, Siege of Jerusalem by Titus, London, demy 8vo; H. B. Tristram, The Land of Israel, London, 1865, demy 8vo; Titus Tobler's Palestine Descriptiones, 1869, 8vo; and Topographie von Jerusalem, Berlin, 1854, 2 vols.; Captains Wilson and Warren, Recovery of Jerusalem, London, 1871, demy 8vo; Reynolds, The History of the Temple of Jerusalem (Public. Oriental Trans. Com., vol. 451); J. L. Porter, Syria's Holy Places, 12mo, 1873; Thrupp's Ancient Jerusalem; A. Thomson, In the Holy Land, London, 1874, 12mo; Captains Wilson, Anderson, Warren, etc., Our Work in Palestine, London, 1875, 8vo; Murray's Handbook of Syria and Palestine, 1875; Besant and Palmer, History of Jerusalem, London, er. 8vo; Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem, with Notes by Captain Wilson, London, 2 vols. Baedeker, Palestine and Syria, Leipsic, 1876; Warren's Underground Jerusalem, 1876; C. E. T. Drake, Modern Jerusalem, London, 1877, 8vo; Schaff, Through Bible Lands, New York, 1878, 12mo; C. E. Conder, Tent-work in Palestine, 2 vols. 12mo, 1878; Quarterly Statements Palestine Exploration Fund, 1872-1880, and the large Maps of that Society with the Memoirs, 1880.

JERUSALEM, NEW, Rev. 21: 2, is a term employed metaphorically to represent the spiritual Church in the state of triumph and glory. The ancient Jews regarded the tabernacle, the temple, and Jerusalem itself, as descending directly from God, and they suppose that there is a spiritual tabernacle, temple, and city corresponding with them. Comp. Gal. 4:26; 2 Pet. 3:10-13; Rev. 21. Jerusalem of old was the city of God; and Jerusalem above is called "the city of the living God," or "the heavenly Jerusalem." Heb. 12:22; Rev. 3:12. The sublime and most comforting description of the new Jerusalem with which the Bible closes has given rise to some of the sweetest Christian hymns of homesickness after heaven.

JERU'SHA, OR JERU'SHAH possessed), the mother of Jotham, king of Judah. 2 Kgs. 15:33; 2 Chr. 27:1. JESA'IAH (saving). 1. One of David's posterity. 1 Chr. 3:21. 2. A Benjamite. Neh. 11:7.