of the different parties. The refult was, that Main was purchased by the general court at Bofton, and a royal government was established over New Hampshire, which was afterwards annexed to Maffachufets. Carolina was firft erected into a proace in 1663, and conferred on Lord Clarendon, the Duke of Albemarle, Lord Craven, Lord Berkeley, Lord Afhley, Sir George Carteret, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkely, as abfolute lords proprietaries for ever, faving only the fovereign allegiance due to the crown. In the reign of James II. however, a Quo warranto was issued against the charter, and the proprietary government was diffolved. New York, originally a Dutch fettlement, but afterwards conquered by the English, was granted to the Duke of York as proprietary; at whose acceffion it devolved on the crown. New Jerfey was granted by the Duke of York to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret in 1664, but the property was afterwards transferred. In 1686 a Quo warranto was iffued against both East and Weft Jerfey, and they were annexed to New England not long after. and unfkilfulness in matters of government, will not permit them to act; thus fhewing an example of humiliation not common in the world. And they defired, therefore, that the deputies now chofen, may serve both for the provincial council and general affembly; three out of every county for the former, and nine for the latter. These representations, fo agreeable to the defigns of the proprietary, probably procured by him, were paffed by the affembly without hefitation into an act of fettlement. The perfons thus returned were declared to be the legal council and affembly; and every county was empowered to send the same number in future, which in the fame manner should conftitute the legislature: and, after the addition of a few other explanations, the modified frame of government was folemnly recognised and accepted. When the whole reflected, "that nothing is more defirable than the union of a people," an act was paffed, annexing the territories to the province, communicating to the one the fame privileges, government, and laws, as the other already enjoyed. Nothing could be more wife than this policy: it is only to be regretted, that it was founded in ufurpation; because, though to the foil of the Delaware colony Penn had the femblance of right, to the jurifdiction he had none. Over this tranfaction the affembly of 1704, with great grief, lamented, while it remonftrated to Penn in characteristic language, "That thou, who knew how precarious thy power was to govern the Lower Counties, should bring thy province into fuch a condition, that, when the crown had affumed that government, the privileges granted by thy fecond charter fhould become of no effect." Every foreigner who promifed allegiance to the king and obedience to the proprietary, was at the fame time declared to be a freeman, and intitled to his rights. The numerous laws which were enacted at this firft affembly, which do fo much honour to its good fenfe, difplay the principles of the people: thefe legislative regulations kept them alive long after the original spirit began to droop and expire. Had Pennfylvania been lefs bleffed by nature, fhe must have become flourishing and great, because it was a principle of her great charter, "That children fhould be taught fome useful trade, to the end that none may be idle, but the poor may work to live, and the Pennfylvania was granted by Charles II. to William Penn. "Nothing can be more amufing (fays Mr Chalmers) than to remark the fingular legislative conduct of Locke and of Penn, fo renowned as colonial legiflators. The former, lefs killed in the fcience of man, thought it fufficient to establish a learned system for a defert, expecting that the multitude would no fooner comprehend the beauty of its parts than obey it: the latter judged more wifely when he decided, "that there must be a people, before there can be a government; that the people muft be united and free, before there can be a permanent government." In profecution of thefe large views, he convened the firft affembly at Chefter in December 1682; confifting of feventy-two delegates, from the fix counties, into which had been already divided Pennsylvania and the Delaware colony, that was foon de nominated the territories. Here, according to the frame, the freemen might have come for this time in their own perfons, in the true fpirit of Rouffeau. But, not only the sheriffs by their returns, but the inhabitants by their petitions to the proprietary, declared, that the fewness of the people, their inability in eftate, rich, if they became poor, may not The author, after having deduced the hiftory of the American provinces from their origin to the Revolution, takes a general view of colonization, as it has been practifed in different ages and countries. He particularly examines the conftitutional privileges of the English colonies, which he maintains, by the cleareft and moft convincing arguments, to be ultimately dependent on the parent ftate. This hiftory is written with great abilities, as well as extraordinary care: the information is every where authenticated by the most fatisfactory documents, and the narrative is not only clear and elevated, but abounds with judicious remarks. C. [16. 579.;-17. 73, 224, 578.;-18.21.] [A wife hint to the people of Laurencekirk in framing laws for the good government [34] of that village.] Letter to the people of Laurencekirk. Extracts continued. [35.] Education of children.] A due care and wife management in the education of your children is of equal moment to the profperity of your private families, and the good of the community.-Unreafonable indulgence is a prevailing error in the education of children among our people. When a child is perverfe and peevish, you very commonly caress him, and give him fomething he likes to put him in good humour; that is, you reward and encourage the ill temper and obftinacy which you ought to correct. Bad men grow up from bad children; and if you would form your fon to be a temperate, good-natured, honeft, induftrious man, (perhaps the best character of the human race), you must take some pains on his education; you must make use of rational arts, of little rewards and punishments, to fashion him in that character from his earliest infancy. Early habits of industry.] Your boys and girls, till they are feven or eight years old, are for moft part in a state of idleness, and do nothing but ramble about, or wafte time at the grammarschool in the rudiments of Latin, whether they discover a genius for literature (which is early difcernible) or not. You thould exercife your ingenuity to find early employments for them. In all countries diftinguished for industry, particularly in Holland and England, the children are very early set to some eafy work or other. In Aberdeenshire I have seen children taught to weave the ftocking very alertly at five years old.-The child's natural bent to fome art or occupation with his hands, discovers itself very early, and folicits your aid to fave him from the oppreffion of idleness. You commonly fee him, while the cattle feed around, employed in erecting fome fancyful little building of ftone, wood, or earth, or in undoing it again by turns; or in digging the earth; or making with his knife fome fimple imitation of mechanical work on a bit of wood. These fimple facts prove a moft useful leffon, That induftry is naturally an amusement, and that idleness is naturally a vexation. Honefly.] Honefty is a moft material ingredient in the general character of virtue; it is the crown of glory to citizens of every rank; it is the fource of credit, wealth, and esteem. - Bleffed are the men, A men, happy in themfelves, and highly tious, or litigious man, muft be unhapluable to fociety, who are fteadily ho- py in himself, and is a peft to fociety. et, both by natural temper and by the Men avoid to have dealings with him, or ce of reafon: they never fail to be deal with him on harder terms, and with inguished and honoured in all the more reserve and distrust, than is confift theres of life. If there are men incor- ent with any beneficial commerce. bly and by natural difpofition difho- frank, liberal, pliable man, who at the , they are equally accurfed in them- fame time is not facile or inconfiderate, es and noxious to fociety. I know carries on bufiness with many advantafuch characters among you, though I ges: People wish to deal with him: He eihave the real pleasure to be intimately ther avoids difputes, or else his goodquainted with every one of you; and humour, and fair peaceable character, hall certainly continue to cultivate that makes it an eafy tafk to compromife difquaintance, I hope with conftant and ferences, which often end in the ruin of trafing fatisfaction, as long as I live. contentious and obftinate men, and neLannot help obferving, that perfons of ver fail to vex them through all the peperty, in general, experience not as riods of life.-Avoid contention and little ought the pleasure and benefit of law-pleas by all poffible means. Selffriendly intercourfe with their te- conceit, and a stiff opinion in both parsand people. They know not, that ties that they are in the right, is genejoy of encouraging their merit, and rally the fource of this fort of controverng their induftry, is greater and juft- fy, which is often inflamed by pettyfogthan all the fashionable amusements gers of the law, who are equally ignorant together. They know not, as I do, and mercenary, though they affume great many of thofe people have at least as airs of fufficiency, and profeffions of axi virtue, knowledge, natural faga- kindness and good meaning. Beware of , and entertaining converfation, as thefe harpies, and feek the advice of hoday of our own equals or companions. neft gentlemen, or other neighbours of brity and Frugality.] Sobriety can- known reputation, as intelligent men and properly be termed a virtue, as peace-makers. There is a very vulgar abftinence from a deftructive, vice; and a very vile character of this fort of ularity, or excefs in drinking. The ill-humour, and litigious temper, not rs of nature, water, milk, and the uncommon in the country, and emphafermented juices of ripe fruits, would tically defcribed in the proverbial exprefainly and effectually anfwer all the fion, of one "who will not part with ious purposes of Nature, to refresh an inch of his will for a fpan of his thrift." nourish mankind.-I do not affert, Believe me this is a very foolish characmen fhould tafte no drink except ter. A wife man (to use another figniquors of Nature; but I do affert, ficant and proverbial expreffion) will, on the artificial liquors ought to be u- proper occafions, rather flatter than fight. ry abftemiously, and temperately; He will even rather yield his pretenfions the practice of using them common than engage in coftly difputes for trifles, Veftructive; and that it would be a and he will part with twenty spans of his reformation in the world, or in the will, rather than with half an inch of his es of individual men, if thefe liquors thrift. But when a man knows he is in only to be ufed occafionally, and the right, fhould he yield it, and fubmit rious cordials to languid or decli- to oppreffion, even in a trifle? You do Nature. Frugality is one of the not confider, that your own opinion of tes indifpenfable to men in this fta- what is right, or your own knowledge of life; but it cannot be practifed of what is truth, can be no rule to the hout fobriety. How is it poffible judge; who must determine upon evitaman can act and manage his af- dence: but evidence is often infufficient with prudence and economy, who or doubtful, and fometimes false, so that requently deprived of his reafon, who a judge may determine righteously, tho' indeed deprived of his fenfes altoge- contrary not only to your opinion of at times, and is in a gradual but right, but even to your knowledge of ain progrefs to a fettled ftupefaction? the truth. And from this circumstance Good Neighbourhood.] This is a moft in the nature of tranfactions among manterial part in the character of a wor- kind, rather than from any depravity or 1 citizen. An ill-tempered, conten- general incapacity of judges, the com mon mon and proverbial derifion of the glorious uncertainty of the law arifes: A caufe very obvious when explained, though not commonly adverted to. Manner of Behaviour.] Courtesy of behaviour contributes greatly to prevent breaches among neighbours, and to acquire a good reputation among ftrangers. It is very material to train up your children from their earlieft youth, to the habit of good manners; which has no myftery in it. It requires no genteel or coftly education. It confifts fimply of a kind and obliging manner in speaking, and a civil addrefs in behaviour, without affectation or flattery; and I have known many tradesmen and fhopkeepers poffefs it with a more natural eafe and propriety than their fuperiors in the ranks of the world, although they perhaps had been taught at great charge by a Gallini to walk and dance. The civileft tradefman (if there is no other material difference) is fure to engage the best and the greateft number of customers. Charity.] Charity is a great moral and Chriftian virtue. Compaflion for the diftreffes and wants of our fellow-creatures is natural to man, and therefore is termed Humanity. It is the duty of a good citizen to be charitable, according to his ability; but he ought always to confider, that the unfortunate are the proper objects of it. The earnings of honeft induftry are ill applied to relieve or fupport the idle and profligate, although they are poor. You relieve them from the practice of useful labour, not from the miseries of unavoidable want, which is the only proper object of charity. In our country, induftrious people fhould be the more cautious, and even fparing, in private charities, and the more liberal when they go to church, if they are satisfied, (and they must have opportunities to know), that the minifter and kirk-feffion of their parish are 'confiderate and judicious in applying the public contributions. Thefe voluntary collections of charity at the kirk-doors is a laudable inftitution in Scotland, in many refpects preferable to the poor's rates in England; and I believe, that a very proper and regular distribution is generally made of this charity, as the minifters and elders are both well qualified and difpofed to diftinguish the objects of it, and beftow it in the beft manner. Schemes to prevent poverty by promoting industry, are much wifer and better than plans of any kind to raise funds for provifion of the poor without diftinction. We know by experience and observation, that indigence commonly arises from idleness, or vice; and funds to fupport the poor turn out in fact to be funds for the encouragement of floth and profligacy. I am well informed, that in the town of Stirling there are ancient charitable foundations which now produce a revenue to the extent of 2000l. per ann.; and that this revenue, though fairly diftributed, does no good, ferving only for penfions to idle burgesses, who truft to it, and neglect their occupations. Had the wellmeaning donors fettled thofe funds on any proper plan for the fupport and encouragement of ufeful arts and induftry, the wealth of that place would have greatly increased, the number of poor would have been diminished, induftry would have flourished, and at this day Stirling might have been one of the moft illuftrious towns in Britain. I never heard of an example but one of wisdom and beneficence united in the plan of a charitable foundation: A wealthy and a worthy man in Barbadoes, about a cen tury ago, founded an academy for useful arts, with endowments for the support of mafters, education of scholars, and the diftribution of premiums. The academy fubfifts at this day, and has greatly contributed to the profperity and reputation of that island. [To be continued.] LONDON. Hiftory, Law, Politics, &c. A fpecimen of the civil and military In fitutes of Timour, or Tamerlane: A work written originally, by that celebrated conqueror, in the Mogul language, and fince tranflated into Perfian. Now first rendered into English, by Jofeph White, B. D. Lau dian Profeffor of Arabic. 1 s. 6 d. P. Elmy." The refult of the facts and reafonings in this fpecimen is the propriety of establish ing a Perfian fecretary to the Laft-India com pany, refident in or near the capital. C. fidered. In a feries of letters to a noble Lord. 3 s. fewed. Longman. The prefent state of Ireland, this author fays, teems with every circumftance of national poverty in their value: wool is fallen one balf in its Land, and its produce, are greatly reduced ufual price, wheat one third, black cattle in the fame proportion, and hides in a much greater. The merchant complains that all bufinefs is at a ftand. In 1779 and 1779 The commercial restraints of Ireland con 00 manufacturers in the metropolis were ed to beggary for want of employment. 1 parliament gave seven and a half eat in annuities, which in 1773 and were earnestly fought after at fix. Athe caufes of diftrefs the author menthe American rebellion, an imbargo on mias, remittances to England for rents, profits of offices, penfions, and inand for the payment of forces abroad. high thefe caufes have much increased tional distress, none of them are the from which it originally flowed. 199, when an act was paffed in Engaining the exportation of all woolfactures from Ireland, the author se various diftreffes of that country. Telewer orders of the people were in refs in 1765, 1771, 1778, and ad there being no natural nor acciales of that effect, the author reaafcribes it to mistaken policy. this author's principal object be the of Ireland, he feems to be lefs acwith the warmth of a national parti of a friend to the commerce both fakingdom and G. Britain. C. peal from the Proteftant Affociation ople of Great Britain, concerning buble tendency of the late act of at in favour of Papifts. 8vo. 6d. -"We prefume, (fays the Af), it would be better if the late act ment were totally repealed, and the gaft the Papifts placed on their former but if that cannot be obtained, a ng act, with fome restrictions, feems ely neceffary. Thus the Papists would bed, but not crushed; they would perfecuted, nor could they perfecute; djes of this Affociation would be d; the Proteftant religion would be d; the British conftitution would be and the Hanoverian fucceffion edupon the firmest basis.” 89 which this peftilence can be quietly removed, a&um eft de republica. Let us fix the mark of the plague upon the doors of the house, and then, let him that will die of the infection, enter." M. A marine propofal for the advancement of private intereft upon the honorary bafis of public utility. I s. Millan. jector's general idea is, to raife, by fub. Our profcription, among the great and the opulent,' an affociated fleet, conlifting of fifty privateers, to cruife in concert, in ten divifions, of five fhips each, in various parts of Europe and America. He fettles the difpofition, or ftations, of the several divifions of this fleet, in fuch a manner, that he pronounces it " hardly poffible for the trade of our enemies to escape, as fuch of their fhips as mif fed one divifion, would, almost at a certainty, be intercepted by fome or other of them." "We may fee a striking instance of the efficacy of well-appointed fmall fquadrons, in the fuccefs of that commanded by our inveterate enemy Paul Jones [41. 725.]. The capture and lofs of at least half the privateers that have hitherto been fitted out, and thereby of fome thousands of our ablest feamen, is a fatal demonstration of the grofs error of the ordinary fyftem of privateering, that is, by fingle hips, without any restriction in point of force." M. The history of a French Loufe; or, The spy of a new fpecies, in France and England; containing a defeription of the most remarkable perfonages in thofe kingdoms. 3 s. Becket. A fatire on some diftinguifhed characters well known in the political world: Apparently written in favour of administration, and with a view of turning into ridicule the minifters of France, the American congrefs, and the patriots of England. C. Natural History, &c. Philofophical Transactions of the Royal ce of an act of parliament lately Society of London. Vol. 68. part 2. for the the relief of Roman Catholics. 15. Endeavours to evince, that the entertained by the Affociation are reid of foundation. The author's pes are liberal, and he writes with and good fenfe. C. d: addreffed to the landholders, ders, merchants, farmers, manu, tradefmen, proprietors of every pic, and generally to all the fubjects Britain and Ireland. 2 s. Johnson, &c. The Fats here brought to view, reely to the expenditure of the public "We are now arrived (fay the pirited writers) at a period, when Select decifions of the court of feffion, sorruption must be thoroughly purged from 1752 to 1768. Collected by a member of the fenate, or the nation is undone. the court. [L-d K-s.] Fol. 18 s. boards. To remaining remedy can be found by Bell.· "To have published this collection year 1778, and Vol. 69. part 1. for the We cannot help being greatly prejudiced in favour of this theorist, on account of the many marks of real ingenuity exhibited in this performance, particularly in the theory relating to combustion and refpiration. M. TOL. XLII. EDINBURGH. M |