SAILING DIRECTIONS.

9

FROM THE ENTRANCE OF LAKE MICHIGAN TO PORTS ON THE WEST SHORE.

From the point of departure off Waugoshance light steer SW. S. (S. 39° 22′ W.), 85 (98) miles, until Point Betsey light bears east, distant 4 (4) miles, then for the southern ports on this shore steer as follows:

The intermediate ports may be reached by passing either to the northward or southward of the Manitous. The courses to the southward are recommended and are as follows: Having run 65 (75) miles on the course SW. S. (S. 39° 22′ W.) and with South Manitou light abeam, distant 3 (31) miles, steer as follows:

For the Northern Ports on the Western Shore courses to the northward of the Manitous can be made as follows: From the point off Waugoshance light run 3 (4) miles on the course SW. S. (S: 39° 22′ W.) until clear of the shoals, when change course to

SW. W. (S. 50° 37′ W.) for 37% (423) miles, keeping well off Beaver Island, passing South Fox light abeam, distant 13 (1) miles and keeping to the northward of South Fox shoals.

TO GREEN BAY BY THE PORTE DES MORTS CHANNEL.

From the point off Waugoshance light make a course SW. S. (S. 39° 22' W.) for 31 (4) miles, until clear of the shoals, when head

SW. by W. (S. 56° 15′ W.), 213 (241) miles, until Beaver Island ligh bears abeam, distant 13 (1) miles, when head

WSW. W. (S. 74° 31′ W.) for 60 (69) miles, to a point one mile south of Pilot Island light, then head

NW. (N. 45° W.) for 3 (31) miles, until the NW. end of Plum Island bears abeam, from which point take departure to the different ports in Green Bay..

Caution. Keep a lookout for the shoals to the southward of the entrance to Porte des Morts Channel.

See Chicago to ports in Green Bay, Wisconsin.

TO GREEN BAY BY THE ROCK ISLAND CHANNEL.

Head as in the preceding case to abeam of Beaver Island light, then head W. S. (S. 84° 22′ W.), 54 (63) miles, until Rock Island light bears abean, distant mile, when take departure for the different ports in Green Bay.

Caution. Keep a lookout for the shoals to the NE. and SE. of Rock Island.

See Chicago to ports in Green Bay, Wisconsin.

TO GREEN BAY BY THE POVERTY ISLAND PASSAGE.

Head as above until abeam of Beaver Island light, then shape a course of W. S. (S. 87° 11′ W.), 46% (54) miles, to a point one mile south of Poverty Island light from which point follow directions given under the head of Poverty Island Passage, Chicago to ports in Green Bay, Wisconsin.

To Green Bay by the Poverty Island Passage, going to the northward of the islands. From the point N. 20° W. of and 13 (12) miles distant from Mackinac City light, head

W. N. (N. 81° 34′ W.), 36 (41) miles, until Squaw Island light bears abeam, distant 26 (3) miles, when head

SW. by W. W. (S. 64° 41′ W.), 50 (581) miles, to a point one mile south of Poverty Island light, when head up Poverty Island Passage as described above.

To Manistique.—Head as in the preceding case until abeam of Squaw Island light, from which point shape course W. & N. (N. 81° 34′ W.) for 27 (31) miles, when head NW. N. (N. 42° 11' W.), 2 (24) miles, which will bring a vessel & mile off the entrance to the river, when head in.

CHAPTER III.

PORTS.

Chicago. This is the second city in the United States in size and commercial importance, incorporated in 1837, and has (1894) a population of about 1,500,000. It is in the State of Illinois, at the southwestern end of Lake Michigan, and at the mouth of the Chicago River, from which it takes its name, the original name being derived from an Indian word, Chacaqua, meaning thunder. The city is 14 feet above the lake level and covers an area of 180.14 square miles.

Dearborn University, connected with the Chicago University, has a fine observatory, 3 miles south and mile east from the court house, in lat. 41° 50' 01" N., and long. 87° 34′ 08′′ W.

The Chicago River runs through the city from the lake nearly one mile west, then separates into two branches, one running NW., the other SW., dividing the city into three divisions which are connected by many bridges and tunnels. A canal connects the main or SW. branch with the Illinois River and so with the Mississippi and the Gulf. This channel has been so deepened that the waters of the river and the lake flow through into the Illinois and Mississippi, thus carrying off the sewage of the great city to the Gulf, but this system is at present inadequate and pumps have to be used until further improvements are completed.

The system of water supply has been called one of the wonders of the world, the water being drawn from cribs well out in the lake through tunnels, carrying it under the streets, to widely separated parts of the city, to stations whence it is distributed by powerful pumps. There is also a system of cisterns connected with the tunnels, for use in case of fire or other emergency. The water is pure, cold and wholesome, and the supply inexhaustible.

The fire department of the city is probably the finest in the world, and fire tugs are kept ready for use.

There are numerous hospitals and many public libraries.

The climate of Chicago is much modified by the lake; the mean temperature for 17 years was 48.6°, varying between a mean of 24° in January and a mean of 72° in August, the mean temperature of the water for the same period being 48°, varying from 32.9° to 67.6°. There is a marked preponderance of land winds (SW.) during the winter and a slight preponderance of lake winds (NE.) in the summer, this being an average of 18

years observations. The mean annual rainfall in the country surrounding Chicago is 34 inches, taken from observations of 47 years. The death rate was lower than that of any other city of its size in 1892 and 1893.

Chicago is a port of entry, and an immense amount of traffic passes through, it being the first city in the country as far as arrivals and departures of vessels are concerned, though it is second to New York in tonnage. Merchandise may be shipped direct from foreign ports to Chicago by being transported in bond from port of first entry. The number of vessels making direct trips to Europe is increasing. There is also an immense number of railroads entering the city, affording unrivaled facilities for shipping goods to all parts of the country.

The grain elevators are great features of the city, vessels being loaded and unloaded by machinery. The principal trade is in live stock, pork packing, and other products of the farm and dairy, flour, grain, seed, manufactures of steel and iron, leather, shoes, chemicals, wines, brewing and distilling, cigars, tobacco, etc.

Harbor. The harbor of Chicago consists of an inner and an outer harbor; the former being the Chicago River, which has been dredged and its mouth protected by piers 500 feet apart at the entrance, but the river is so filled with docks as to be very cramped and crowded for the immense commerce. Constant dredging is necessary to keep out the accumulation of sand brought down by a NE. lake current, which has made many acres of new land on the north side of the entrance. The outer harbor is formed by the North Pier, an eastern break water, and a southern breakwater, and incloses a basin of 270 acres of 16 feet depth, to the south and east of the river entrance.

The North Pier reaches east in continuation of the north bank of the river and extends 200 yards beyond the eastern breakwater, which is commonly known as the Chicago North Breakwater. It is 4,036.5 feet long, running perpendicularly (S. 0° 37′ W.) from the North Pier, and about 3,300 feet from shore; a dock line 1,300 feet from shore and 2,000 feet from the eastern breakwater and parallel to it has been established, but the docks have not yet been built out to this line. The southern breakwater, commonly known as the Chicago South Breakwater, extends SW. by S. 3,000 feet from the end of the eastern break water, completing the basin. There are three entrances to this harbor. The outer harbor had, the latest information, from 14 to 15 feet of water in it.

The outer break water, beginning at a line running north from the end of the North Pier and about 5,000 feet from that pier, extends S. 59° 34' E., 5,413 feet with a depth of from 18 to 32 feet of water inside of it, forms an excellent harbor of refuge for vessels and renders it easy for vessels to enter the Outer Harbor of Chicago.