The Quarterly Review

than from within; their source is at St. Petersburg, rather than at Constantinople or Mecca. The anticipations formed when Turkey was in the mid labour of her earlier reforms, by one who best of all moderns knew the Ottoman Empire and her inmost conditions, are as just and worthy of attention in 1878 as they were in 1840:

'Much has been done,' writes Ubicini,* much remains to do; but a wise and firm perseverance in the judicious and gradual course which has already accomplished so much, will, with time, vanquish all internal and domestic obstacles. It is not for these we fear, if Turkey be left to deal with them herself, and in her own time and manner. Happy would it be for her if these were the only embarrassments she were threatened with. The real and formidable dangers that menace Turkey, arise out of the conflicting jurisdictions and privileges of the various Patriarchates, &c. It is in these that Turkey requires a helping hand from her allies. She may be left to cope with her own home difficulties, and will overcome them by patience and perseverance. All that she requires is a firm and steady support against those external pretensions founded on treaties which Russia alternately cajoled and bullied her into signing.'

The dangers thus signalled by Ubicini exist to-day in substance, though somewhat modified in form, and disguised in tendency; more insidious, but more urgent than ever. Yet they are of a kind that Turkey, aided by England, can readily obviate. But England has a double duty to perform in the matter; it is hers not merely to protect her ally's endeavours after reform from damaging interference without, but to guide those endeavours right and to strengthen them within. Nor are the counsels of Ubicini less valuable in the latter regard than in the former. Let us bear in mind,' writes that able and experienced author,† that Turkey is essentially the country of tradition, where nothing can be established or endure unless it offer a point of contact with what has gone before ; and that in the Empire it is necessary to build upon the law, in order to modify the law.' Golden advice, well worthy of Turkey's attention and England's alike. And again, in view of the work of reform then inaugurated, now, after too long interruption, resumed under better auspices: ‡

'I do not mean to imply that a constitutional system is on the point of being established in Turkey, nor do I see very clearly what Turkey would gain by it. I am merely desirous of showing that reforms are not so difficult or so remote as commonly supposed; that however liberal the future measures of the Government may be, they

Ibid., pp. 132 seqq.

* Ubicini's 'Letters on Turkey,' vol. i. pp. 186 seqq. Vol. 146.-No. 292.

2 Q

† Ibid., p. 131.

will

will find a ready acceptance with a people long prepared for their introduction, owing as well to the influence of historical tradition, whereof the remembrance has become dim but not effaced, as to the respect with which it invests the person of the sovereign. For it must be remembered, that notwithstanding the legal control which fetters his authority, the Sultan is, after all, paramount in Turkey. The dynasty of Othman being the only family in the Empire that has retained a hereditary name, an unbroken genealogy, and inherited rights, is the centre of union, the political tie, binding together all the parts of the monarchy, whose existence seems identified with its own. If the Government, in attempting to introduce improvements, is cautious to present them, not as innovations borrowed from Europe, but as a return to the principles of the Koran and the Kanoon, and a truer application of them, opposition will cease; and nothing will check in Turkey the development of complete regeneration, which has hitherto been impeded by the uncertainty of her position, and by obstacles created by foreign diplomacy.'

Home alarmists have been very eloquent of late about the 'heavy responsibility,' as they love to proclaim it, incurred by England in regard of Turkey's promised reforms; and while some have derided the recent engagements entered into by ourselves and the Porte as merely illusory, others, in greater number perhaps, have denounced them in Cassandra tones as a burden too heavy to be borne, a weight dragging down to discreditable failure, if not actual ruin. Derisory or despondent, either view is false to fact. The proposed Turkish reforms are not of an illusory character, but real, adequate, thorough: this we have seen; nor less have we seen that neither within Turkey nor without is there anything necessarily to impede the fulness of their execution. Undoubtedly the responsibility incurred by ourselves in guaranteeing and seconding them is great; but it is a responsibility worthy of a great nation, the responsibility of conferring the blessings of order, justice, stability, and prosperity, not, on Asiatic Turkey alone, but in immediate result, on Asia and half a world. From a responsibility of this nature it is not England's way to shrink; in a cause like this she lacks -long may she lack!-the instinct of fear.

INDEX

TO THE

HUNDRED AND FORTY-SIXTH VOLUME OF THE

QUARTERLY REVIEW.

ABDUL-AZIZ, Sultan, his last days de-
scribed by a lady of the seraglio, 282.
Adonis, the feast of, 417.

Albanians, the, 268. See Turkey.
Alberoni's, Card., 'famous proposals'
for a partition of the Ottoman Em-
pire, 205.

Alphabet, the Cyprian, 441.
American missionary spirit in Turkey,
283.

Anatolia, of the past and present, 550-

condition of, in James I.'s time, 561.
Anglo-Turkish Treaty, the, 287-its
happy policy, 288.

Aphrodite, worship of, at Paphos, 415
-Homeric hymns to, 419-conical
stones, 429.

Armenians, 272, 557. See Turkey.
Ashtoreth, or Astarte, worshipped in
Cyprus, 415.

Asia Minor, natural resources of, 567.
Athienu, excavations at, 435.
Attar of Roses, festival for gathering
the roses in Bulgaria, 278, 279.

Balance of power, the, Burke on, 332.
Belgium, exports and imports of cotton
goods, 510.

Berry, Duchess of, her betrayal and
arrest, 461, 462.

Berryer's interview with Thiers, 462.
Bismarck's, Prince, interview with

Thiers and Jules Favre, 478.
Block, the, in the House of Commons,
181-Mr. Disraeli's warning to the
Committee of Supply in 1857, 183,
184-Mr. O'Donnell on the late Lord
Leitrim, 187-votes for the Civil
Service estimates, 188, 189-pro-
posals for restraining the obstructers,
Vol. 146.-No. 292.

2 R

189-191-the New Rule, 193-195-
Explosions in Mines, 197-minorities,
198-classification of business, ib.-
consolidation bills, 199-abuse of the
12.30 rule, 200.

Boleyn, Anne, her 'confession' in the
crypt at Lambeth, 129.
Bonnafoux's duel with Thiers, 451.
Bramhall, Archbishop of Armagh, his
address to his clergy on re-ordination,
537, 538.

British Empire, rise of the moderu, 331
-position and influence of the 18th
century, 334, 335-the Hanoverian
period, 336-state of Great Britain
for more than a generation after,
337-encroachments of France, 338
-fall of Walpole, 339-corruption
of members of Parliament, 340-
jealousy of a standing army, ib.—
state of the navy, 341-effeminacy of
the officers, ib.-depression of the
nation in 1757, 342-its contrast in
1760, 342, 343 disappearance of
Jacobitism, 344-Union with Scot-
land, ib-condition of Ireland, 344,
345 death of Frederick, Prince
of Wales, 346-the nation's confi-
dence in George II., ib.-merits of
George I., 346, 347-improvement
in the political condition, 351-
advance of the Press, ib.-treat-
ment of the colonies, 352-scepti-
cism, ib.-the Methodist movement,
ib. improvement in morals, 353
- literature, ib. — outcry against
Hanover, 354-its important part in
the foreign policy of Great Britain,
355-jealousy of foreign troops, 357
-the militia established, ib.-supre-
macy of the navy, 357, 358-national
development, 359-steady support of
international law, 360.

Turkey.
Bulwer, Henry (Lord Dalling), his in-
terview with Thiers, 468, 469.
Burke on the balance of power, 332-
the Imperial rights of Great Britain,
332-high appreciation of his works
on the continent, ib.-character of
George II., 349.

Burnaby, Captain, 'On Horseback
through Asia Minor,' 551-his life-
pictures, ib.-quickness of observa-
tion, 552-opinion of the Turks, 552,
553-portrays the Koords, 553-the
Yeseedees, the Anatolian Greeks, 554
-Armenians, 554, 555-Cossack bar-
barity, 555, 556.

Busby, Dr., 295-his influence on Dry-
den, 296.

Butler, Bishop, on the general decay of
religion in 1751, 352.

Canning, difference of opinion with the
Duke of Wellington, 89, 90.
Carleton's, Dr. Guy, romantic escape
from Lambeth Palace, 128.
Carter, Canon, his letter to the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, 522.
Carter's, Mrs. Elizabeth, estimate of
the three Georges, 349.
Catherine of Russia, 203-her oriental
aspirations, 203, 204-schemes for
abolishing the Turks, 205-her first
Turkish war, 207-insurrection fos-
tered in the Christian provinces
by Papazolis, 208 the peace of
Kainardji, and the victory of Tches-
me, ib.-Russian encroachment, 209
-her terms pronounced monstrous
by Frederick, 211-the partition of
Poland, 212-discusses her Turkish
plans with Joseph, 213-her Grecian
project, 214, 215-friendship with
Voltaire, 217-alliance with Joseph,
218-love of flattery, 219 -com-
plaints against Turkey, ib.-plans
for the conquest and reconstruction
of, 221-her manifesto about the
island of Taman, 224-annexation
of the Crimea, 227, 228-the rival
Khans, 228 the crusade against
Turkey first conceived by her, 231.
Catholic Association, the, in Ireland, 76
-its power and secret terrorism, 77.

Choiseul, Duchess de, on Catherine of
Russia, 170.

Christie, W. D., Poetical Works of
J. Dryden,' 290-on his marriage,
303.
Church, the Holy Orthodox, in Turkey,
state of, 285.

of England, is it Protestant?
519 the two schools or parties
of Churchmen, 521-the term 'Ca-
tholic' usurped by the Ritualists,
ib.-the word 'Protestant' denounced
as opposed to Catholicism, 522-the
Church Quarterly Review,' 522,
523-contempt for Luther and Cal-
vin, 523-the Roman Breviary and
Missal, 524 the sacrifice of the
Mass, 524, 525-true relations of
England with Protestantism, 526-
schismatical tendency of Ritualism,
526, 530-momentous nature of the
Reformation, 528-grand inter-
national issue raised by it, 529-
Charles II. pledged to support the
Protestant religion, 530-sympathy
and communion with other Protes-
tant communities, 532, 533-French
Protestant ordination, 534, 535-
Episcopal ordination established as
the rule, 537-reordination, 537, 538
-communion of faith, 539-Scotch
bishops, 539-the Augsburg Confes-
sion, 543-545-the English XXXIX.
Articles, 544, 545, 547 Common
Prayer-book, 547.

Cinyras, king of Amathus, his trick
upon Agamemnon, 418.
Circassians in Turkey, 275–277.
Copper in ancient Cyprus, 423.
Cosin, Bishop, on French Protestant
ordination, 534, 535-on communion
of faith with other churches, 539.
Cotton consumption in Great Britain,
Europe, United States, and India,
501, note.

Crimea, annexation of, in 1784, 227-
the khan and anti-khan, 228-its
ruin by Potemkin, 231.

Crown, the, and the army, 232-arrival
of the Indian troops, 233-attack
of the Opposition, ib. .'Bill of
Rights,' 236-239, 252-the Mutiny
Acts, 237-242-troops in Canada,
242-the East India Company as a
military power, 243-native Indian
troops, 244-a standing army in Ire-
land, 245, 246-Parliamentary con-
trol, 248-Militia Act of Charles II.,
249 the distribution of the army
the prerogative of the Crown, 250-
its right to move Indian troops, 251
-relationship between the Queen
and the army, 252-Mr. Gladstone's
misconception, 254.

Curium, treasures found at, 438, 439.
'Cypria,' the, 419.

Cyprus, Ancient, 414-Phoenician co-
lonies in, ib.-dulness of the pea-
sants, 415-religion, ib.-college of
priests, 416-New Salamis and Soli
founded, 418-Greek settlements,
420-conquered by Sargon and Thot-
mes III., 420-supremacy of the
Persians, 421-Cimon and his Athen-
ians, ib.-Evagoras, 421, 422-revolt
of the Jews, 423-silver, copper, gold
and emeralds, ib.-salt-lakes, ib.-
wine, 423, 424, 427-luxury, prodi-
gality, and dissoluteness, 424-Stoic
philosophy, b.-the glory of its second
youth, 424, 425- revenue, 426 –
Turkish conquest, 426, 427-silk-
worms, 426-the tobacco-plant, 427
-mode of destroying locusts, ib.-
Turkish improvidence, 428-traces
of ancient religion, 429, 430-exag-
gerated notions of buried treasures,
431-excavations, 431, 433-bilin-
gual tablet, 432-tombs described,
433, 434-discoveries, at Athienu,
435-Golgi, 436-the site of Paphos,
437-tombs at Amathus, 438-trea-
sure of Curium, 438, 439-ancient
archæology, 440-Phoenician artists,
441-Cyprian art, 443.

D'Alembert's friendship for Madame

du Deffand, 161-love of geometry,
ib-elected to the Academy, 162-
letters, 163-165, 170.
Dali, Mr. Lang's excavations at, 431;
statues, 431-coins, 432-Gen. di
Cesnola's excavations, 433.
Darente (Dartford) manor exchanged
for Lambeth, 102.

Darwen, strike of the spinners at, 486.

Daubeny, Dr., describes Routh, 23.
Deffand, Madame du, 141-birth and
early training, 143-a matured scep-
tic, 144-marriage, 145-gallantries,
146-facility of rhyming, 147-gour-
mandise, ib.-described by Mdlle.
de Launay, 149-her salon at Paris,
150-at the convent of St. Joseph,
151-Mdlle. de Lespinasse, 152, 155
-failing eyes, 153-blindness, 154
-friendship for Count Pont-de-
Veyle, 156, 157-incapacity for ge-
nuine affection, 157-connection with
the President Henault, ib.-their
correspondence, 157-160-friendship
with D'Alembert, 161-letters from
him, 163-165-from Montesquieu,
165-from Voltaire, 166-170-her
bon-mot, 169-acquainted with Ho-
race Walpole, 172-letters to Craw-
ford, 177-described by Henault,
179-death and burial, 180.
Disraeli's, Mr., speech on the Select
Committee in 1857, 183.

Dryden, John, works of, 289-essen-
tially an Englishman, 291-services
to literature, 291-his genius gene-
rally appreciated and eulogised, 292
-private character, 293, 294-birth,
294 early years, 295-influence of,
and obligations to, Dr. Busby, 296,
297-at Cambridge, 297-disturbed
state of the university, 298-settles
in London, 299-state of literature,
ib.-stanzas on the death of Crom-
well, 301-solidity of rhyme, and
epigrammatic expression, ib.-inti-
macy with Madam Reeve, 302-
marriage, ib. connected with the
theatres, 303, 304, 305- not fitted
for comedy, 305-his 'Annus Mira-
bilis, and Essay on Dramatic
Poesy,' 306, 307-Poet-Laureate, 307
-Duke of Buckingham's persecu-
tions, 307, 308-Elkanah Settle's
'Empress of Morocco,' 308, 309-his
'All for Love,' 309-theatrical fame,
and Essay on Satire,' 310-his
drubbing in Rose Lane, ib.-the
'Spanish Friar,' 312-'Absalom and
Achitophel,' 312, 313- The Medal,'
314-satire on Shadwell, 315-second
part of Absalom and Achitophel,'
316 Religio Laici,' ib.-pecuniary
embarrassments, 317-Collector of the
Customs in London, ib.-the 'Mis-
cellanies,' 317, 318-Threnodia
Augustalis,' 318-conversion to Ro-
man Catholicism, 319-character,
320-the 'Hind and the Panther,'

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