Table 8.-Plan of Studies for the Upper School for Girls1

187. Erlass: Neuverlauterung der Provisorischen Lehrpläne für die Mittelschulen. (Erlass vom 12. September 1955. September 1955, Z. 81.632-IV/15/55.). Jahrgang 1955, Wien, 15. Oktober 1955. Stück 10a. p. 11.

Three other types of secondary schools of general education are the Arbeiter Secondary School, the Aufbau Secondary School, and the Fedral Boarding Schools. All three have existed as special forms of the Realgymnasium since 1927.2

The Arbeiter Secondary School (Arbeitermittelschule) offers a 9semester course for those who are at least 17 years of age and who after completion of the period of compulsory schooling entered vocational life or completed preparation for a trade. Instruction is offered generally in the evening. The certificate of maturity (Reifezeugnis) received on completion of the course corresponds to a certificate of maturity from a Realgymnasium.3

The Aufbau Secondary School (Aufbaumittelschule) offers a 5-year specially arranged course extending the opportunity of secondary education to qualified but financially needy young people who have completed their period of compulsory school attendance. Beginning with

2 Allgemeiner Ueberblick ueber das Oesterreichische Kindergarten- und Schulwesen. Herausgegeben vom Bundesministerium fuer Unterricht unter Mitwirkung des Oesterreichischen Statistischen Zentralamtes, Wien: Oesterreichische Staatsdruckerei, 1954. p. 5.

Heinrich Peter. Oesterreich. Sonderabdruck aus dem Lexikon der Paedagogik. In vier Baenden. Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Institut fuer Wissenschaftliche Paedagogik, Muenster and dem Institut fuer Vergleichende Erziehungswissenschaft, Salzburg, 1952. p. 739-40.

the second year the student may pursue a gymnasium or a realgymnasium line of study.

These

Federal Boarding Schools (Bundeserziehungsanstalten). boarding secondary schools first appeared during the school reform following World War I. Their curriculum is that of the Realgymnasium. The schools have a homelike atmosphere and attention is given. to guidance and to the psychological needs of the pupils.

In 1954-55 the census reported 176 secondary schools of all types. Of these, 134 are under state control and support, 39 are Roman Catholic, and 3 are maintained by nonsectarian private groups. Prior to the occupation in 1938, Austria had 171 secondary schools, 86 of which were state controlled, and 83 directed by Roman Catholic teaching orders. These private schools were confiscated by the state in 1938. After 194546 the buildings were returned.

Allgemeiner Ueberblick ueber das Oesterreichische Kindergarten- und Schulwesen, p. 5. 5 Oesterreichische Schulstatistik. Schuljahr 1954-55, Heft 4. Herausgegeben vom Bundesministeriums fuer Unterricht, unter Mitwirkung des Oesterreichische Statistischen Zentralamtes. p. 48-52.

Anton Kolbabek. Zur Entwicklung der Allgemeinbildenden Mittelschulen. Paedagogische Mitteilungen. Beilage zum Verordnungsblatt des Bundesministeriums fuer Unterricht, Jahrgang 1954, Wien, Stueck 2. p. 19 25.

e

Education of teachers.-In the late nineteenth century, the professionalization of secondary school teacher training had assumed definite form. The educational seminars at the university were rather theoreti

cal in nature, consisting mainly of lectures on the theory and history of education, until Vogt and Willmann at the University of Vienna devised a plan for relating these seminars to classroom observations in cooperating secondary schools. After that, all candidates for the secondary school teaching license were required to take education courses in the university seminar.

Eventually, the examination and licensing laws made a trial period of teaching under supervision (Probejahr) requisite. This is similar to the year of "Internship" which may be found in some parts of the United States today. In addition to the university seminar cooperating with the various gymnasia in the capital cities for the purposes of observation and practice teaching, independent seminars were established in various secondary schools in which the principal of the school directed both the teaching and the conference-seminars independent of the university. In both cases, the teacher-trainee participated fully, even to attending faculty meetings (without voting privileges.) 8

The educational seminar of the Austrian university is not to be confused with our American "Schools of Education." Unlike the latter,

7 In 1871 the first professorship in Education was established at the University of Vienna. 8 Helen C. Lahey. The Development of Teacher Education in Austria. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Fordham University, 1949, p. 700-701.

the seminar is a part of the regular philosophical faculty, and not an independent unit in itself. While the seminar has greatly enriched and expanded its offerings since its inception in the nineteenth century, it does not offer the minutely specialized courses which one might find in a school of education in an American University. Also, the Austrian seminar is exclusively concerned with the preparation of the secondary school teacher.

Until 1928 the education of secondary school teachers in Austria was governed by the regulations of June 15, 1911. After that it was governed by those of March 17, 1928, and August 6, 1937.9 The regulations were similar in many respects. Thus to qualify as a secondary school teacher under these regulations the candidate after passing the maturity examination of an accredited secondary school had to attend a university for at least 8 semesters (4 years) in preparation for the examination for secondary school teachers (Lehramtspruefung fuer Mittelschulen). Further, success in this examination qualified the candidate for appointment to the prescribed year of probational teaching. The regulations differed as to detail and emphasis. For example, those of 1911 made a philosophical pedagogical preliminary examination prerequisite for admission to the examination for secondary school teachers, while the regulations of 1928 and 1937 made the pedagogical examination an integral part of that examination.

Austrian secondary teacher education was reconstructed in 1945 on the pre-war pattern provided for in the "Secondary School Law of 1927-28 (Mittelschulgesetz.) 10 The philosophical faculties of the Universities of Vienna, Graz, and Innsbruck restored the lectures in principles, history and philosophy of education, and seminar review courses for the secondary school license examinations. The Vorlesungs-Verzeichnis (catalog) of the University of Vienna gives some idea of the present greatly expanded educational offerings. All candidates for teaching positions as academic teachers in Austrian secondary schools. must register with the office of the university rector for the following courses.11 Those followed by an asterisk are required.

* Max Lederer. Secondary Education in Austria, 1918-1938. Bulletin 1941, No. 9, U. S. Office of Education, Washington: Government Prfinting Office, 1941. p. 35-36.

10 Richard Meister. Bericht ueber das Studium der Paedagogik an Oesterreichischen Universitaeten (First International Congress for Teaching of Education Sciences in Western Europe) 1952. p. 230-41.

11 Vorlesungs-Verzeichnis. Universitaet Wien, fuer das Winter (und) 1954/55, Herausgegeben vom Rektorat der Universitaet, Wien, 1954. p. 53-55.

Sommer-semester)