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number of defendants, the defendant Joseph D. Miller disclaimed title except to one tract of 40 acres, and the defendant Jane Miller disclaimed title to all but three tracts of 42 acres, 1412 acres, and 10 acres. On trial of the title to these tracts the District Judge directed a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs for all the minerals on 382 acres of the 40-acre tract claimed by Joseph D. Miller, and on the 142 acres claimed by Jane Miller, and in favor of Jane Miller for the tract of 10 acres and 42 acres claimed by her. The defendants Joseph D. Miller, Jane Miller, and Jennings Oil Company, their lessee, assign error in the admission and exclusion of testimony, and in the direction of a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs for minerals on the two tracts of 382 acres and 142 acres.

The plaintiffs traced their title to the two tracts of 382 and 141⁄2 acres from a grant to James Carnohan, dated November 13, 1786, for 30,000 acres, and a grant to Samuel Smith, dated June 29, 1797, which overlapped. The title under the two grants became united in Henry McFarlan in 1854, and from him plaintiffs derive their title. The plaintiffs also undertook to show common source and their superior title under it. The defendants' adverse possession would defeat plaintiffs' title, unless the District Judge was right in holding that the possession of the defendants and their predecessors in title was limited to the surface by reason of the severance of the surface and minerals.

We consider first the proof of title to the tract of 382 acres, and of the severance of the surface and minerals. The vital point in plaintiffs' case is whether there was a severance of the surface and minerals, of which defendants and their predecessors in title had due notice. They claim that a severance was effected in 1888 in the course of plaintiffs' title by the following instrument, termed a disclaimer, which iecites in full the circumstances under which it was executed by A. C. Chaney then in possession of the land:

"Whereas, certain actions of ejectment are now pending in the District Court of the United States for the District of West Virginia, in favor of 'Henry McFarlan and others against Lewis Adkins and others,' 'John P. Yelverton and others against Jeremiah Witcher and others,' 'Gustavus A. Sacchi against James A. Holley and others,' 'Gustavus A. Sacchi against John M. Reece and others,' 'Gustavus A. Sacchi against A. J. Barrett and others,' for the recovery of a tract of land heretofore conveyed by Henry McFarlan and others, trustees of the Guyandotte Land Company to Gustavus A. Sacchi by deed bearing date on the 27th day of June, 1865, and recorded in the office of the recorder of Cabell county, in Book A (new series), page 104; and

"Whereas, Alex C. Chaney is in possession and claiming title to a portion of said land, so sought to be recovered, and is desirous of settling any and all conflicting claims to lands so occupied and claimed by him:

"Now, therefore, the said Chaney, in consideration of the premises and of being released from all liability for costs in relation to lands sought to be recovered as aforesaid, doth hereby disclaim all right, title, claim, demand, or interest in and to all and any land set out and described in said declarations in said actions of ejectment, except a piece or parcel of land situate, lying and being a survey made by Samuel Harris on the 28th day of September, 1855, for 95 acres. But the said Chaney hereby disclaims all title to or interest in all coal (except so much as shall be required for domestic purposes) and iron ore, hydrocarbon oils, salt brine, natural gas, and all other minerals in, upon or under the said tract of land herein excepted, with the exclusive right to the plaintiffs and those claiming under them for the rights of

(273 F.)

way for tram, rail, and wagon roads through said land so excepted, and to dig for and mine coal, iron ore, bore for oil or natural gas, and the necessary conveniences on said land for storing oil and coal, and the transmission of the same by the best and most convenient means to market.

"And the said Chaney further agrees that the plaintiffs in either of said actions may take judgment against him in ejectment, for the interest by him herein disclaimed, and to that end he empowers any attorney of said court to appear for him in either of said actions, and consent that judgment be entered and that this disclaimer be filed as part of the record in such case. "Given under my hand and seal this 18th day of September, 1888.

his

"A. C. X Chaney. [Seal.]"

mark

[1, 2] 1. It was stipulated that the courthouse of Lincoln county, where the land was located, and all the records, were destroyed by fire in November, 1909. As evidence that the defendant Joseph D. Miller derived title through Chaney the District Judge admitted the evidence of Mr. Pendleton L. Williams, an attorney, to the effect that before the destruction of the records he had made an abstract of the title to the land embraced in the Smith grant, including the land in dispute, which he produced; that his memory was not so refreshed by the abstract that he could testify to its correctness from memory; that his abstract showed the record of derivation of defendant Joseph D. Miller's title by successive deeds from A. C. Chaney; that it was his habit in making abstracts to note any defect or limitation in the deeds; and that there were no notations that would effect the derivation of the defendants' title from Chaney. This evidence and the abstract itself were admitted over the sole objection that the witness had no recollection of the record and that his memory was not refreshed by inspection of his abstract. There was no objection on the ground that the plaintiffs should have introduced the original deeds or proved their loss. We think the abstract was clearly admissible as the best available evidence of the record. 10 R. C. L. 909, and authorities cited. There was no evidence in conflict with the abstract of Mr. Williams. On the contrary, the evidence of the defendant Miller as to the source of his title and possession strongly confirmed it. Taking all the evidence together, it met the requirement that evidence as to the existence. of lost documents must be clear and convincing.

[3-5] 2. Error is assigned "in admitting in evidence for the plaintiffs the title papers filed as Exhibits 1 to 50, inclusive, and in admitting each of them." There was a general objection made at the trial to the admission of all of plaintiffs' exhibits, but no grounds were stated except as to Exhibits 1, 4, 21, and 25. Objections to evidence, without acquainting the trial court of the grounds, will not be considered by the appellate court. The objections to Exhibits 1, 4, and 25 were not pressed in this court. The objection made to Exhibit 21, copy of will of William G. Sands, in the trial court, was that "the copy of the will offered in evidence does not show that it was ever probated in the county of Chenango, N. Y., where William G. Sands lived." The only objection pressed here is that there was no evidence that the will was ever probated in Lincoln county, W. Va.

"Where a party excepts to the admission of testimony, he is bound to state his objection specifically, and in a proceeding for error he is confined

to the objection so taken. tion cannot avail him."

If he assign no ground of exception, a mere objecBurton v. Driggs, 20 Wall. 125, 22 L. Ed. 299; Noonan v. Caledonia Mining Co., 121 U. S. 393, 400, 7 Sup. Ct. 911, 30 L. Ed. 1061.

Besides, the copy of the will, being properly authenticated under R. S. § 905 (Comp. St. § 1519), was admissible in evidence.

[6] 3. This brings us to the question: Was the instrument above quoted, called a disclaimer, in effect a quitclaim deed from Chaney, so that his possession thereafter would be limited to the surface alone?

In Woodall v. Clark, 254 Fed. 526, 166 C. C. A. 84, we held a paper in almost identical language to be in effect a quitclaim deed. Careful reconsideration has strengthened that conclusion. It is true an ordinary disclaimer is merely a pleading in a case to escape costs, but it may be much more. In Prescott v. Hutchinson, 13 Mass. 440, the court said as to a disclaimer by a tenant:

"At common law such a disclaimer was never considered as a bar to the action. So far from showing that the defendant had no right to the demanded premises, it was an acknowledgment of his title. It operated, in some respects, as a release by the tenant. If two tenants were jointly sued, a disclaimer by one of them generally vested the whole in the other co-tenant. So, if only one were sued, and disclaimed, whatever estate he had was, in effect, passed to and vested in the defendant. He might immediately enter, and would become seised according to the title set forth in his writ; and the tenant would be afterwards estopped from disputing that title. A disclaimer, instead of being a plea to the action, resembles so far a release or conveyance of the land, that, in general, no person could disclaim, who was incapable of conveying the land." Kentucky Union Co. v. Cornett, 112 Ky. 677, 66 S. W. 728.

The Code of West Virginia of 1913 provides:

"Sec. 2780. Form of Release. Whenever, in any deed, there shall be used the words, "The said grantor (or the said -) releases to the said grantee (or the said -) all his claims upon the said lands,' such deed shall be construed as if it set forth that the grantor (or releasor) hath remised, released, and forever quitted claim, and by these presents doth remise, release, and forever quitclaim unto the grantee (or releasee) his heirs and assigns, all right, title, and interest whatsoever, both at law, and in equity, in or to the lands and premises granted (or released) or intended so to be, so that neither he nor his personal representative, his heirs or assigns, shall, at any time thereafter have, claim, challenge, or demand the said lands and premises, or any part thereof, in any manner whatever."

Any

"Sec. 3790. Deeds Not Conforming to Prescribed Form-Validation. deed, or part of a deed, which shall fail to conform to the provisions of this chapter, shall nevertheless be as valid and effectual, and shall bind the parties thereto. as far as the rules of law and equity will permit, as if it had so conformed."

A release is "the act or writing by which some claim or interest is surrendered to another person." Anderson Law Dict. It is "the giving up or abandoning a claim or right to the person against whom the claim exists or the right is to be exercised and enforced." Bouvier's Law Dict. Technically a disclaimer is a pleading "alleging that the defendant has not any right or title and that he does not claim the subject matter of the suit." Daniell's Ch. Prac. 808.

Applying these definitions, it is evident that the instrument here under consideration is more than a mere plea of disclaimer. So far

(273 F.)

from alleging the absence of interest in the land, Chaney asserts that it is made for the purpose of settling conflicting claims to the land occupied and claimed by him. Part of its consideration was the settlement of these claims., The suit which the instrument was intended to settle was for the recovery of possession of the land, both surface and minerals. The instrument is in its essence a contract to settle the suits for the lands claimed by both parties on the terms that the plaintiffs should have all the land claimed except 95 acres, and that of the 95 acres Chaney should have the surface, and the plaintiffs and those claiming under them should have the minerals and the rights necessary to the use of them. It was signed, sealed, and acknowledged by Chaney, and accepted by the plaintiffs, and was therefore binding on all parties. This being the evident purpose of the instrument, it makes no difference that no technical words of conveyance were used. What Chaney meant to say was that he relinquished and surrendered all claim to the land then in controversy, in consideration of being relieved of costs and having his claim confirmed to the extent of the surface of the 95 acres. Under the modern doctrine of giving effect to the inMention in deeds as well as in wills, this was in effect a quitclaim deed.. Numerous instances in which this doctrine has been applied to informal instruments and nontechnical words will be found in the textbooks. See 18 C. J. 178.

[7] 4. The objection is made that the disclaimer could not operate as a deed, because the plaintiffs in the cause in which the disclaimer was made had parted with their title long before September 18, 1888, the date of the instrument. The argument is forceful, but we do not think it can prevail. Surrender and relinquishment of Chaney's claim to the minerals was to the plaintiffs and those claiming under them. The persons claiming under the plaintiffs in that suit, at the time of the execution on September 18, 1888, were easily ascertainable, and it was not necessary that they should be named. Webb v. Den, 17 How. 576, 15 L. Ed. 35; 18 C. J. 174.

[8] 5. But this deed of Chaney, severing the surface and minerals, would not be binding on those who purchased and held under Chaney, unless they had actual or constructive notice. The other vital question, then, is whether there was such a record of the deed as to charge those deriving title from Chaney, so that their adverse possession of the surface would be ineffectual to defeat plaintiff's claim to the minerals.

[9] The provisions of the Code of West Virginia as to recording, at the date of this instrument, were:

Chapter 73. § 2: "The clerk of the county court of any county in which any deed, contract, power of attorney, or other writing is to be or may be recorded, shall admit the same to record in his office as to any person whose name is signed thereto, when it shall have been acknowledged by him or proved by two witnesses as to him, before such clerk of the county court." Chapter 73, § 7: "Every such writing when admitted to record, shall, with all certificates of acknowledgment, and all plats, schedules and other papers thereto annexed or thereon indorsed, be recorded by, or under the direction of the clerk of the county court, in a well bound book, to be carefully preserved; and there shall be an index to such book as well in the name of the

grantee as of the grantor. After being so recorded, such writing may be de livered to the party entitled to claim under the same."

Chapter 74, § 5: "Every such contract, every deed conveying any such estate or term, and every deed of gift, or deed of trust or mortgage, conveying real estate or goods and chattels, shall be void as to creditors and subsequent purchasers for valuable consideration without notice, until and except from the time that it is duly admitted to record in the county wherein the property embraced in such contract or deed may be."

Chapter 76, § 5: "The clerk of the county court shall record and properly index all releases under this chapter, and deeds of release admitted to record in his office, in a well bound book to be kept exclusively for the purpose, and when any release or deed of release is recorded, he shall note the fact on the margin of the record or docket of the lien discharged thereby, with a reference to the book and page where the same is recorded."

Chapter 73, § 7a. II: "Hereafter all deeds and other writings, except wills, admitted to record in the recorder's office of any county in this state, sha.. be indexed in said general index in the name of the grantor and grantee. (Acis 1871, c. 91.)"

The contention of defendants is that the instrument here involved was recorded in the book provided by section 5, chapter 76, of the Code, to be kept "exclusively" for the purpose of recording releases and deeds of release; that it was not a release and hence its record in that book could have no effect.

Woodall v. Clark, 254 Fed. 526, 166 C. C. A. 84, was a suit in equity to remove a similar instrument as a cloud on complainant's title. The appeal was from a decree dismissing the bill for lack of equity. The bill alleged that the instrument, held to be in effect a quitclaim deed, was recorded by direction of the grantees in a book provided by statute for the recording of releases and deeds of release exclusively; and that the clerk's certificate on the instrument showed that it was recorded in the wrong book. On the motion to dismiss these allegations were taken as true, and it was decided that the record, under those circumstances, of a quitclaim deed in a book provided exclusively for releases and deeds of release was no record. That decision is not controlling here. There is no evidence in this case that the plaintiffs or their predecessors in title directed the recording; and the clerk certified on the instrument that it had been properly recorded. Furthermore, the plaintiffs on the trial in this case introduced the record book, and the question now before us is whether it is one which section 5, chapter 76, required to be used exclusively for recording releases and deeds of release, or one provided and kept under section 7, chapter 73, for the recording of deeds and other similar instruments.

It could not have been the book required by section 5, chapter 76, to be used exclusively for the record of releases and deeds of release, for the use of this book began in 1867 and that statute was enacted in 1882. It contains the record of a number of releases of deeds of trust, but it contains also one record of assignment of notes, one assignment of note and deed of trust, a deed of bargain and sale in 1867, one quitclaim deed in 1872, one release deed of land in 1878, and a deed of conveyance of land in 1890.

The only requirement of section 7, chapter 73, as to the book for recording of deeds, is that it shall be a "well-bound book." This requirement does not exclude the recording of deeds in the book here

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