PAGE Henry VII.-Improvements in the art of shipbuilding-The 27 CHAPTER IV. Shipping in the time of Henry VIII.—The Henri Grâce à Dieu-The fleet for the siege of Boulogne in 1545-Will Hawkins-Voyages to the Gold Coast-Piracy in the English Channel-Voyages of discovery-The North-West Passage-Frobisher-John DavisSir John Hawkins-Sir Francis Drake-His celebrated voyage round the world 42 CHAPTER V. The intended Spanish invasion of England in 1588—The Invincible Armada-The squadron of the Duke of Medina Sidonia-The English armament-Particulars of the fleet-Chiefly merchant ships-The fate of the Armada-The general state of merchant shipping in England-The Government returns-A return for the year 1591-The fisheries of Iceland and Newfoundland-Voyages to the coast of Guinea-Disastrous voyage of the Edward Cotton -The voyage of Sir Humphrey Gilbert to North America-Sir Walter Raleigh-Voyage of Captains Amadas and Barlow-First English settlers in Virginia-Introduction of tobacco-The Dutch, and their encroachments-The Navigation Laws of Cromwell and Charles II.-Shipbuilding in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries CHAPTER VI. Outline of the History of the East India Company-Trade with the East The Venetians and the Genoese-The Spaniards and the Portuguese-The Dutch-The English-Attempts to reach the Indies by the North-West Passage-John Davis-First charter of the English East India Company, 1600-The first East Indiamen -Disputes with the Dutch-Fresh charter from James I.-The Trades' Increase-Value of the trade with the East-Losses of the English East India Company-The French East India CompanyThe charter granted to the English Company by Charles II.Success of the Company-Opposition-A new company-Rival traders-Amalgamation of the two companies-The East India Company of 1708-The ships-Heavy losses in the Company's fleet-The Earl of Balcarres-The officers of the ships-Life on board an East Indiaman-End of the Company-Sale of the ships. 51 64 The discovery of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand in the seventeenth century-Pedro Fernando de Quiros-Luis vas Torres -Jan Abel Tasman-Dampier-Dampier's voyage in the RoebuckAnson's voyage in the Centurion-Parsimony of the Government -John Byron-Pepy's Island and Falkland's Island-Captain Cook's three voyages-Discovery of islands in the Pacific-Antarctic exploration-Death of Captain Cook-Loss of the Betty Galley on the Cornish coast-Loss of the Prince Eugene near Milford Haven -Loss of the Dublin Packet on the Isle of Man-The press-gang PAGE 77 CHAPTER VIII. The maritime commerce of England at the close of the reign of Queen Elizabeth-Salee Rovers-Charles I.-Ship-money-The shipping of London-The other principal ports-State of the port of London in the seventeenth century-In the last century-Serious robberies on the river-The first docks-The "legal quays "The West India Docks-The London Docks-The East India Docks-The St. Katherine's Docks-The Victoria Docks-The Royal Albert Docks The Surrey Commercial Docks-A few particulars of the Port of Liverpool . 86 CHAPTER IX. The application of steam to the purposes of navigation-Mr. Patrick 101 CHAPTER X. Iron introduced for shipbuilding-Opposition at first encountered-Iron ships-The advantages of iron over wood-Greater immunity from fire-The case of the Colombo-The earliest iron vessels-The Vulcan-The Rainbow-The Eclipse-Steel taking the place of iron-Iron and steel passenger vessels-Ocean-going steamersCargo steamers-Speed of steamers-Mode of construction of iron and steel vessels-Double bottoms-Water ballast-Capsizing of the Orotava-The sides and decks-Water-tight bulkheads-Iron masts and yards-Iron rigging CHAPTER XI. The Transatlantic liners-The Cunard Line-The first formation of the CHAPTER XII. The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company-Its originMessrs. Willcox and Anderson-Messrs. Bourne's line of steamers to Spain and Portugal-Messrs. Willcox and Anderson's contract for the Peninsular mails in 1837-The Indian mail-The East India Company-The Peninsular Company-The starting of the P. and O. in 1840-The Bombay mail-Opposition of the East India Company -Parliamentary Inquiry in 1851-Termination of the East India Company's monopoly-The India and China mails in the hands of the P. and O.-The Overland Route-Coaling stations-Commencement of the P. and O. line to Australia in 1853-The European and Australian Steam Packet Company-Its final collapse-The opening of the Suez Canal-Opposition of the Post. Office-The Suez Canal at last adopted by the Government-The present mail contract times-Rules and regulations of the P. and O. Company, as to their ships, etc.-Casualties-The loss of the Aden-The loss of the China. CHAPTER XIII. The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company-Commencement of the CHAPTER XIV. The Orient Line-The earlier ships-The Orient-The present fleet- PAGE 115 133 146 164 CONTENTS The Scot-The Scot cut in half, and lengthened—The Norman— xi PAGE 171 CHAPTER XV. Cargo steamships-Ocean tramps-The loss of the La Plata-Screw colliers-The Q.E.D.-The King Coal-Cattle-boats-The frozenmeat trade-The New Zealand ships-The Tea-steamers―The Stirling Castle-Grain-steamers-Mode of loading grain-Oil-tank steamers Loss of the Edenmoor Well-decked steamers Dangerous cargoes-Cotton steamers 194 CHAPTER XVI. The Transatlantic "Record "-1838, the Sirius, the Great Western— 1840, the Britannia-1851, the Baltic-1863, the Scotia-1869, the City of Brussels-1873, the Baltic (White Star)--1879, the Arizona-1882, the Alaska-1884, the Oregon—1885, the Etruria -1889, the City of Paris-1891, the Majestic, the Teutonic1895, the Campania and Lucania-The future. 215 CHAPTER XVII. Sailing-ships The Baltimore clippers-Boston and New York clippers 221 CHAPTER XVIII. Tonnage Origin of Tonnage-Early Acts of Parliament relating to 238 CHAPTER XIX. Present state of the British Mercantile Marine-Increase of shipping during the reign of Queen Victoria-Shipping in 1837-in 1897British tonnage Time of Queen Elizabeth-Time of Queen Victoria-Increase in tonnage-Decrease in number of shipsSteamers of the world-Sailing-vessels of the world—Additions and losses in 1897 PAGE 252 CHAPTER XX. The Personnel-Number of mariners in the British Merchant Service- 261 CHAPTER XXI. The Apprentices-Their numbers, formerly and now-"Sea-time" with the Board of Trade-The best way for a boy to go to sea-Importance of being apprenticed to a good firm-Premium and expenses -Apprentices' indentures-A contract-Duties of the apprentices -Duties of the shipowner-Treatment of Apprentices-Trainingships Suggestions-Apprentices sixty years ago 276 CHAPTER XXII. The Officers-The Second Mate-His duties and position-The Chief 285 CHAPTER XXIII. Work on board ship-The port and starboard watches-The nautical day machines 295 |