bolt in a fish abaft all. A tiller can now be fitted. The band of iron for the heel of the rudder will require a chain on each side, to reach nearly to the fore-channels; and if the material be at hand, have two eye bolts in this band for the purpose of securing the chain to. Also have a small piece of iron plate nailed, to prevent the band from working upwards. At the fore-channels attach two tackles to the chains, to bind the iron band close to the stern-post. Have a kedge with a slip-rope to sink the rudder, which, being put over the side and brought to the rudder trunk; can easily be hauled into its place; haul the chains taut forward, one on each side; put the cap on; ship the tiller, and put a lashing on each side the rudder-head to the deck, to keep the rudder from lifting.* A spare cap cut away at the after part, so as to fit the stern-post at the water's edge or a little below, may be used instead of the iron band as in the above plan; the topmast being passed through the round hole of the cap. To the topmast, which is the main piece of the rudder, will, of course, be bolted pieces of spar, so as to assume as much as possible the shape of a rudder, and pieces of plank will be nailed athwart it. Also take an anchor-stock (wood), and square two of the edges; cut away a circular score in each, for them to join together round the topmast below the squares, and thus you have a substitute for an upper gudgeon; drive the anchor-stock hoop on the rudder-head to keep it from splitting. The rudder is kept close to the stern-post by shackling to the eye-bolts of the cap two chains with tackles on the end of them, one on each side, and taking them well forward. The fid-hole of the topmast must be enlarged to receive the tiller, if not already large enough. NOTE." A ship might lose her rudder at a critical moment in crossing the bar of a river, when a few minutes more might run her aground if she were unmanageable: and, in this case, what temporary rudder is best becomes a question for which a few moments only are given to decide. The plan of steering by the stream cable payed out astern, or with the stern-boat lowered instantly, with the plug out, and towed astern by a hawser, with guys leading up to each quarter, would, perhaps, then be adopted; while a ship losing her rudder at sea would have leisure to adopt any other plan. "It might be an advantage if every vessel would take some opportunity of trying how she could steer with a stern-boat in the manner described, and what length of towline was required to enable her to steer the most easily, so es to avoid wild yawing. The experiment might be made in moderate weather with the wind on the quarter, and also right aft, under topsails, topgallantsails, and foresails, running five or six knots. Nothing gives confidence so much as practice."-The Kedge Anchor. By W. Brady, U.S. Navy. *The above plan of a jury rudder was given me at Sheerness by a gentleman who many years ago constructed a rudder on this plan for a frigate of which he was carpenter. The plan is substantially the same as that given by Capt. Sedgwick, in Golden Hints to Young Mariners, THE OFFICIAL LOG-BOOK. THE Board of Trade sanctions forms of official log-books, which may be different for different classes of ships, so that each such form contains blanks for the entries after-mentioned, and an official log of every ship (except ships employed exclusively in trading between ports on the coast of the United Kingdom) must be kept in the appropriate sanctioned form; and this official log can, at the discretion of the master or owner, either be kept distinct from the ordinary ship's log, or united therewith, —so that, in all cases, all the blanks in the official log be duly filled. Every entry in every official log must be made as soon as possible after the occurrence to which it relates, and, if not made on the same day as the occurrence to which it relates, must be made and dated so as to show the date of the occurrence and of the entry respecting it, and in no case must any entry therein in respect of any occurrence happening previously to the arrival of the ship at her final port of discharge, be made more than twenty-four hours after that arrival. Every master of a ship, for which an official log-book is required by the Act, must make or cause to be made therein, entries of the following matters :— 1. Every legal conviction of any member of his crew, and the punishment inflicted. 2. Every offence committed by any member of his crew, for which it is intended to prosecute, or to enforce a forfeiture, or to exact a fine; together with such statement concerning the reading over such entry, and concerning the reply (if any) made to the charge as required by sec. 244. 3. Every offence for which punishment is inflicted on board, and the punishment inflicted. 4. A statement of the conduct, character, and qualification of each of his crew, or a statement that he declines given an opinion on such particulars. 5. Every case of illness or injury happening to any member of the crew, with the nature thereof, and the medical treatment adopted, (if any). 6. Every case of death happening on board, and of the cause thereof. 7. Every birth happening on board, with the sex of the infant and the names of the parents. 8. Every marriage taking place on board, with the names and ages of the parties. 9. The names of every seaman or apprentice who ceases to be a member of the crew, otherwise than by death, with the place, time, manner, and cause thereof. 10. The amount of wages due to any seaman who enters her Majesty's service during the voyage. II. The wages due to any seaman or apprentice who dies during the voyage, and the gross amount of all deductions to be made therefrom. 12. The sale of the effects of any seaman or apprentice who dies during the voyage, including a statement of each article sold, and of the sum received for it. 13. Every collision with any other ship, and the circumstances under which the same has occurred (sec. 282). In the case of foreign-going ships, the master must, within fortyeight hours after the ship's arrival at her final port of destination in the United Kingdom, or upon the discharge of the crew, whichever first happens, deliver to the Shipping Master before whom the crew is discharged, the Official Log-book of the voyage. The entries hereby required to be made in official log-books shall be signed as follows: that is to say, every such entry shall be signed by the master and by the mate, or some other of the crew ; and every entry of illness, injury, or death, shall also be signed by the surgeon or medical practitioner on board (if any); and every entry of wages due to, or of the sale of the effects of any seaman or apprentice who dies, shall be signed by the master and by the mate, and some other member of the crew; and every entry of wages due to any seaman who enters her Majesty's service shall be signed by the master and by the seaman, or by the officer authorised to receive the seaman into such service. LEADING LIGHTS IN THE ENGLISH CHANNEL. ON THE ENGLISH COAST. Bishop Rock-Scilly Isles-One fixed light. Hidden between the bearings of SW. by W., and W. by N. N. St. Agnes Scilly Isles-One revolving Seven Stones-Light vessel, in 40 fathoms N.B. of a mile E. by N. is frequently a ves- Lizard-Two fixed lights. When in one, these lights keep clear of the to the westward. Eddystone-One fixed light. St. Catherine-Isle of Wight-One fixed Bembridge, or Nab-Light vessel, in 5 fa- Beachy Head-One revolving light, every Kept open of the next Eastern Cliff, leads outside the Royal Sovereign, and other shoals. Note the difference between this light and that on Cape Grisnez, which flashes every half minute. Dungeness-One fixed light. Varne Shoal-Light vessel, in 16 fathoms Start Point One fixed and flashing light, South Foreland-Two fixed lights. In the same tower is shown a Fixed light in the 10 miles. Portland-near the Bill-Two fixed lights. Shambles-Light vessel, on east end of shoal in 15 fathoms-One fixed light. Needles-Isle of Wight-One fixed light. Red from N.W. N. round Westward to S.W. by W., except between East and E.S.E., when it will appear as a White light; it also appears White from N.E. by E. to N.E. by E. E. These lights in one clear the South end of the South Sand Head-Light vessel, in 13 Gull Stream-Light vessel, near west edge of sand, in 8 fathoms-One revolving light, every 20 seconds. North Sand Head-Light vessel, off north North Foreland-One fixed light. ON THE FRENCH COAST. 45 seconds; Red light visible all round the western horizon. Ushant-N.E. point of Island-One_re- | Hanois Rock-One revolving light, every volving light, every 20 seconds. Lat. 48° 28′ N., Long. 5° 3′ W. Ile Vierge-One fixed and flashing light, every 4 minutes a Red flash; the Red flash is preceded and followed by a short eclipse, which does not appear total within the distance of 6 miles. Ile de Bas-One revolving light, every minute; the eclipses do not appear total within the distance of 12 miles. Sept Isles-One fixed and flashing light, flash every 3 minutes. Heaux de Brehat-One fixed light. light, Red flash every 4 minutes; Casquets-Opposite Bill of Portland-Three Cape de la Hague-One fixed light. La Heve-Two fixed lights. EAST COAST OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND. Kentish Knock-Light vessel-One revol- Flambro' Head-One revolving light, every ving light, every minute. On the E. side of the Sand, in 12 fathoms. Galloper-Light vessel-Two fixed lights. On S.W. part of Shoal, in 20 fathoms. Sunk-Light vessel-One fixed light. Fairway of East Swin, in 10 fathoms. Shipwash-Light vessel-One fixed light. Off N.E. end of Sand, in 9 fathoms. Orfordness-Two fixed lights. When in one, S. of the Ness, they lead through Hollesley Bay, close to the N.W. edge of the Whiting, and across the outer edge of the Cutler Sand; and to the North, they lead inside of the Knoll, the Ridge, and the Napes. Lowestoft-Two fixed lights. Corton Channel-Light vessel-One revolving light, every 20 seconds a Red face. Moored in 15 fathoms at S.E. entrance of Corton Gatway. 2 minutes; two flashes Bright, one Red. When bearing N.N.E., clears north end of Smithic Shoal. Whitby-Two bright fixed lights. Towers, in a N. 19 W., and S. 19 E. direction, and when in line lead on Whitby Scar Rock, distant about two miles from the Northern Tower. The lights range from N. 28 W. round eastward to S. 17 E. They are visible at a distance of about 23 miles, and show over the N. cheek of Robin Hood's Bay. Mariners are to observe that the light from the Northern Tower is coloured Red from the line of bearing of the Whitby Scar Rock, to the in shore bearing of N. 28° W. Hartlepool on the Heugh-Two fixed lights in one tower: high light, Bright; low light, Red. Upper light all night; small lower light, from half flood to half ebb. St. Nicholas Light vessel-Two fixed Sunderland-North Pier Head-Two fixed lights. At Northern extremity of Hewitt's Channel, one Bright, and one Red. The latter at the afterpart of the Lightvessel, 20 feet above the water. Cockle-Light vessel-One revolving light every minute. At North entrance, Eastern side, in 63 fathoms. Winterton-One fixed light. Newarp-Light vessel-Three triangular fixed lights. Near the North end of the Sand, in 19 fathoms. Hasborough Two fixed lights. In one, they lead through Hasborough Gatway. Hasborough-Light vessel-Two fixed lights. Near North end of Sand, in 15 fathoms. Leman and Ower-Light vessel-Two lights upper light revolves every minute; lower, fixed. Near the S.W. point of the Ower, but 5 miles S. of its shoalest spot, and 4 miles E.S.E. of the shoalest part of the Lemon. Cromer-One revolving light, every minute. Dudgeon-Light vessel-One fixed light. Near the shoal, in 9 fathoms. Outer Dowsing-Light vessel-One revol ving light, Red face every 20 seconds. On the western side of the sand in 9 fathoms. Spurn--Light vessel-One revolving light every half minute, Off the Point, River Humber, in 9 fathoms. Spurn-on the Point-Two fixed lights. Bull Sand-Light vessel-One fixed light. S.E. end of Bull Sand, in 5 fathoms. lights in one tower. Sunderland-South Pier Head-One fixed light. The lower light on North Pier Head is a small (distinguishing) Red light, 18 feet below the upper light; and both are exhibited all night. South Pier Light exhibited from half flood to first quarter cbb. Tynemouth-One revolving light, every minute. Coquet-S.W. part of the Island-One fixed light, Bright. Brilliant when seen from the Eastward, between S. by W. W., and N. by EE. A dim light is seen round the remainder of the circle. When seen in the direction of Hauxley Point Buoy, it appears Red; and to avoid the Boulmer Rocks, a Red light is shown in that direction. Farn--Two lights: highest revolving every half minute; lowest, fixed. Highest light, near S.W. point of the Island; lowest near its N.W. point. The low light is only seen in a Northerly direction. They bear from each other N. by W. W., and S. by E. E. High light open rather less than its own height E. of low light, leads between Megstone and Oxscar. These lights, and Megstone in one, lead between Ploughseat and Goldstone. Longstone-One revolving light, every half minute, St. Abb's Head-One flashing light, flashes every 10 seconds, Inchkeith -on the summit of the IslandOne revolving light, every minute. Isle of May-on the summit of the Isle-Two fixed lights. |