Secondly, from uttering one or more elements that should

Thirdly, from substituting one element for another; as,

N order to secure a practical knowledge of the preceding definitions and tables, to learn to spell spoken words by their oral elements, and to understand the uses of

letters in written words, the instructor will require the student to master the following exhaustive, though simple analysis.

ANALYSIS.-1st. The word SALVE, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of three oral elements; så v—salve. [Here let the student utter the three oral elements separately, and then pronounce the word.] The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic. The third is a modified tone; hence, it is a subtonic.

2d. The word SALVE, in writing, is represented by five letters; salve-salve. S represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence, it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as the first oral element of z; hence, it is a cognate of z. A represents a tonic; hence, it is a vowel. L is silent. V represents a subtonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the lower lip and the upper teeth; hence, it is a labia-dental. Its oral element is formed by the same organs and in a similar manner as that of ƒ; hence, it is a cognate of f. E is silent.

ANALYSIS.-1st. The word SHOE, in pronunciation, is formed by the union of two oral elements; sh ö—shoe. The first is a modified breathing; hence, it is an atonic. The second is a pure tone; hence, it is a tonic.

2d. The word SHOE, in writing, is represented by four letters; shoe-shoe. The combination sh represents an atonic; hence, it is a consonant. Its oral element is chiefly formed by the teeth; hence, it is a dental. Its oral element is produced by the same organs and in a similar manner as the second oral element represented by z; hence, it is a cognate of z. The combination oe is formed by the union of two vowels, one of which is silent; hence, it is an improper diphthong. It represents the oral element usually represented by 8; hence, it is an alphabetic equivalent of 8.

A

VIII.

RULES IN ARTICULATION.

AS the name of a letter, or when used as an emphatic word, should always be pronounced à (a in age); as, She did not say that the three boys knew the letter ā, but that ā boy knew it.

2. The word A, when not emphatic, is marked short (ă),' though in quality it should be pronounced nearly like a as heard in åsk, gråss; as,

Give ǎ baby sister å smile, ǎ kind word, and ǎ kiss.

3. The, when not emphatic nor immediately followed by a word that commences with a vowel sound, should be pronounced thŭ; as,

The (thu) peach, the (thů) plum, thē apple, and the (thŭ) cherry are yours. Did he ask for a pen, or for the pen?

4. U preceded by R.-When u long (u in tube), or its alphabetic equivalent ew, is preceded by r, or the sound of sh, in the same syllable, it has always the sound of o in do; as, Are you sure that shrewd youth was rude?

5. R may be trilled when immediately followed by a vowel sound in the same syllable. When thus situated in emphatic words, it should always be trilled; as,

He is both brave and true. She said scratching, not scrawling.

IX.

EXERCISES IN ARTICULATION.

ILENT letters are here omitted, and the words are spelled as they should be pronounced. Students will read the sentences several times, both separately and in concert, uttering all the oral elements with force and distinctness. They will also analyze the words, both as spoken

1A initial.-A in many words, as an initial unaccented syllable, is also marked short (ă), its quantity

or volume of sound being less than that of a sixth power (8), as in ǎlås, ămåss, abåft.

and written, and name the rules in articulation that are illustrated by the exercises.

1. It must be so.

2. Thů bold, båd bâiz bròk bôlts ånd bårz. 3. Thŭ rōgz rusht round thŭ réf, red rõks. 4. Hi on ǎ hil Hù herd hårsez hârni höfs. 5. Shör ål her påfhz år påfhz ov pès. 6. Bå! that'z not siks döllårz, båt à döllår. 7. Chẳrj the old mặn tổ chðz ả châis chẽz. 8. Līt sēking lit, hath lit ov līt bēgīld. 9. Böth'z yoths with tröths yuz òthz. 10. Arm it with ragz, à pigmi strâ wil pērs ĭt. 11. Nou set thů tẻth ånd strẻch thů nỏstril wid. 12. He wỏcht ånd wept, he felt ånd pråd får ál. 13. Hiz iz, åmidst thů mists, mêzêrd ån åzer ski.

14. Thủ whàlz wheld ånd wherld, and bård thår bråd, broun båks.

15. Jīlz and Jāsn Jōnz kăn not sā,—Arōrå, ălås, ămås, mănnå, villå, når Lūnå.

16. Thů strif sèseth, pès åpprochẻth, ånd thů gûd mån rejaiseth.

17. Thủ shröd shröz båd him sà thật thủ vil vilsnz yüzd shrůgz, ånd shårp shril shrėks.

18. Shôrli, thō wonded, thŭ prôdent rēkrôt wůd not ēt that kröd fråt.

19. Amidst thů mists ånd kòldest frosts, with bårest rists ånd stoutest bosts, hẻ thrůsts hiz fists ågênst thů posts, and stil insists hè sèz thů gòsts.

20. A stârm årizeth on thů sẻ. A môděl vessel iz strůggling åmidst thů wår ỏv êlêmênts, kwivering ånd shivering, shringking ånd båttling lik å thingking being.

21. Chast-id, chěrisht Chẻs! Thủ chårmz iv thì chẻkẻrd chamberz chan mẻ chànjlåsli. Får fhè år fhů chåplets öv chanlěs chåriti ånd thủ chålis ov childlik cherfulnes. Chànj kản nôt chànj thẻ: from childhüd tổ thủ chảrnel-hous, from our fěrst childish chěrpingz tổ thủ chilz %v thủ chěreh-yård, thou årt our chèri, chànjlés chèftines.

A

II. SYLLABICATION.

I.

DEFINITIONS.

SYLLABLE is a word, or part of a word, uttered by a single impulse of the voice.

2. A Monosyllable is a word of one syllable; as, home. 3. A Dissyllable is a word of two syllables; as, home-less. 4. A Trisyllable is a word of three syllables; as, confine-ment.

5. A Polysyllable is a word of four or more syllables; as, in-no-cen-cy, un-in-tel-li-gi-bil-i-ty.

6. The Ultimate is the last syllable of a word; as ful, in peace-ful.

7. The Penult, or penultimate, is the last syllable but one of a word; as māk, in peace-mak-er.

8. The Antepenult, or antepenultimate, is the last syllable but two of a word; as ta, in spon-ta-ne-ous.

9. The Preantepenult, or preantepenultimate, is the last syllable but three of a word; as cab, in vo-cab-u-la-ry.

INIT

II.

RULES IN SYLLABICATION.

NITIAL CONSONANTS.-The elements of consonants that commence words should be uttered distinctly, but should not be much prolonged.

2. Final Consonants.-Elements that are represented by final consonants should be dwelt upon, and uttered with great distinctness; as,

He accepts the office, and attempts by his acts to conceal his faults.

3. When one word of a sentence ends and the next begins with the same consonant, or another that is hard to produce after it, a difficulty in utterance arises that should be obviated by dwelling on the final consonant, and then taking up the one at the beginning of the next word, in a