A third part of a cottage in Bedyford, "As Sir Edward Cary had not paid since his conviction the penalty of £20 per month, King Charles I. was entitled, by law, to take, seize, and enjoy all the goods and chattels, and two parts of all the said lands, tenements, and hereditaments; but by letters patent, under the great seal, dated June 24th, 1634, and enrolled in the pipe office October 20th, that year, his majesty was pleased to cancel and pardon all arrears to the said Sir E. Cary, his heirs, executors, and administrators, and to lease the said estates to Thomas Risdon and Christopher Maynard, Gents., to hold the same from Lady-day, 1632, during the term of forty-one years, by the yearly rent to the crown of £136 13s. 4d., to be paid at Lady-day and Michaelmas, in even portions, into the exchequer. The said Thomas Risdon and Christopher Maynard have full power and authority to lease and grant the whole or part of the recited estates to Sir Edward Cary, Knight, or to any person or persons for his own use, notwithstanding the statute of the 3d of James I., an act for the better discovery and repressing of Popish Recusants; and so long as the said Edward Cary pay the said yearly sum of £136 13s. 4d., both he and his wife are to remain unmolested by the civil and ecclesiastical judges and commissioners, and to be exempt from all pains and penalties, by reason of their past recusancy or their future absence from the Protestant church, chapel, or place of common prayer." A very curious circumstance came to light last year, which gives great information upon the law respecting religion. In the reign of Charles II. a Lady Hawley left certain manors of land in the county of York, in trust, to support "Godly preachers of Christ's holy Gospel," which, in the course of time, had got into the hands of the Unitarians. The phrase of the donor, taking into consideration the historico politico condition of the times, meant some sort of Protestant dissenters, otherwise it would have been soon obtained by trustees of "the church as by law established." After various trials in various courts, it came to a final decision in the house of lords, (1842.) On the opinion of the judges, that Unitarians do not come within the forms of the trust deeds, Mr. Justice Erskine observed, that "those who denied the Trinity were blasphemers, and, therefore, they could not be intended by the term 'Godly preachers."" I should have thought this was more a point to be decided by a doctor of divinity than a doctor of law; but I yield "The pulpit is none of my office."-DE FOE. TRANSPORTATION AND EMIGRATION. "It is a shameful and unblessed thing, to take the scum of the people, and wicked and condemned men, to be the people with whom you plant."-BACON. I BELIEVE the introduction of the African negro into this continent was in the year 1445. It first commenced in 1442, by Anthony Gonsalez, a Portuguese. In 1502 the Spaniards employed them in Hispaniola. In 1618 the British were regularly engaged in it. In 1620 they were employed in Virginia. The Dutch brought twenty. The total number of slaves in the British colonies and America, from 1680 to 1786, may be put down at 2,120,000. The emigration and transportation of the white population were almost all cut off by the natives or disorders before the Stuarts began to grant their charters. Those instruments secured property, and laid the basis for order and good government; indeed one of them, that for Rhode Island, still remains. In the thirty years' war of Gustavus Adolphus, he had four lieutenant generals, twenty colonels, and inferior officers of great number, (all natives of Scotland,) in his army.* After the treaty of Limerick, 1691, to the battle of Fontinoy, 1745, there was so great an emigration from Ireland, that the French army was partly composed of an Irish brigade. There died in their service 150,000 Catholic soldiers. At this distance of time we can see the injurious effects persecution has had, and how such vile measures against their own subjects produced disastrous effects even against themselves; while it also produced more disastrous effects to the cause of religion itself. But many then found that "Persecution and devotion Did equally advance promotion." HUDIBRAS. According to Anderson, people began to emigrate voluntarily about 1700. In 1729, 6208 emigrated to Pennsylvania: there were 243 Germans, 267 English and Welch, and 43 Scotch; the * Mackay. rest were Irish. The Germans were all passengers, the Scotch all servants, the English, Welch, and Irish were partly servants and passengers.* In 1617 Capt. Samuel Argal was appointed deputy governor of the colony of Virginia, under Lord Delaware and admiral of the adjacent seas. The following is an instance of his infamous edicts, from Dr. Belknap's American Biography: "He fixed the advance on goods imported from England at twenty-five per cent., and the price of tobacco at three shillings the pound: the penalty for transgressing this regulation was three years' slavery. No person was allowed to fire a gun, except in his own defence against an enemy, till a new supply of ammunition should arrive, on penalty of one year's slavery. Absence from church on Sundays and holydays was punished by laying the offender neck and heels for one whole night, or by one week's slavery; the second offence by one month's; and the third by one year's slavery. Private trade with the savages, or teaching them the use of arms, was punishable by death." These, and similar laws, were executed with great rigour. Although Argal was odious to the colonists, yet he was not only never punished, but was knighted by King James. It is painful to relate that, "in the year 1736, Henry Justice, Esq., a lawyer of the Middle Temple, was tried at the Old Bailey for stealing books out of Trinity College, Cambridge, and was sentenced to be transported to the American plantations for seven years."† The Scotch began to emigrate in shoals about 1745, the last Scotch rebellion; and then the government began to take alarm, and, with the view of restraining them in that part of the kingdom, voted annually large sums to make good roads, construct bridges, and make the three northern lakes navigable from sea to sea. Indeed, until Malthus promulgated his curious doctrine of over population, the government seemed to entertain the opinion, and persevere in the maxim, that had hitherto governed all the world—that a nation could not be too full of people. Forming colonies tends "To enlarge the world's contemporaneous mind, *Mr. Mooney, in his seventh lecture on "Irish history," said: "The south of this country was settled by Spaniards and French, and also up the Mississippi; Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio very generally by Irish. Virginia has many from England, and so have the northern states; but Baltimore, and some of the Carolinas, generally settled by Irish. Pennsylvania was very early after its first settlement peopled by Irish; and there are now in Philadelphia seventy thousand Irish." + Hone's Every Day Book. There were very severe laws against emigration, and fully enforced as late as 1817; but they were all repealed in the reign of George IV. The stamp act of Grenville, in 1764, (under George III.,) was one of the immediate causes of the American war. How wise were those brave men in opposing it. The amount of that one item of their immense taxation was £6,500,000 in 1830. The population of the city New York, taken by order of the king in the year 1697, was 3727. I have seen a statement that it was only 1000 in 1656. In 1843, upward of 300,000. If these enumerations are correct, this is a very rapid increase. The first writer on those wonders of the world, the Falls of Niagara, was a French Jesuit, in the year 1678.* In 1688 Sir Josiah Childe foretold the Americans would be the rivals of the English. I have no doubt this influential man's prediction had a very powerful effect upon all the British councils from the day it was penned to the ever-memorable day on which George the III. is reported to have said to the first American ambassador, "I was the first to go into the war, and the last to go out of it." Oh! what a salutation! How many reflections rush into the mind! But I must stop, and leave them to be detailed by some future historian. Davenant says the average annual value of exports from England to America, of all kinds of apparel and household furniture, for six years, from 1682 to 1688, was about £350,000. The importations in return were tobacco, cocoa, fish, pipestaves, masts, furs, sugar, ginger, cotton, fustic, and indigo. Furs and fish were sent from Newfoundland to the amount of £950,000. Of these imports there might be retained, for home consumption, about £350,000; £600,000 re-exported. If I say but little about the cotton trade, it must be considered there was not, before the reign of George III., any article made exclusively of cotton; and there have been some very I have not been so fortunate as to meet with what he wrote, but I apprehend he could not have seen them under more favourable circumstances than the following, from the Lockport Balance, 1834: "The Falls of Niagara present at this time a spectacle of unusual magnificence. On the American side the spray has formed an immense mass of ice, extending nearly across the foot of the fall, and more than a hundred feet in height. From the summit of the ice the spray rises like smoke from a volcano. The fall between Goat Island and the Tower is incrusted with ice, except a space some twenty feet wide, midway in its descent. Below are enormous and fantastic shapes of ice, mounds, caverns, and grottoes: against the dark rock of the island hang icicles thirty and forty feet in length, of the purest white and blue; the river itself, flashing with ice broken into innumerable fragments-and the rainbow spanning the whole -presents a scene surpassing the wildest dreams of the imagination" important treatises upon the subject. The consumption of cotton last year was 1,417,300 bales. Locke wrote a constitution for both North and South Carolina, which could not be carried into effect: there were one hundred and twenty articles, combining a feudal nobility. According to the first American census taken, in 1790, the number was 3,929,526 souls, of which 695,655 were slaves. The amount of emigration to this port seems to be as follows: There was no record before 1827; in that year there arrived 10,412. The smallest number was in 1830; in that year they were only 9,127; in 1936 the number was 58,597; in 1840 there were 56,274. The average for fourteen years was 32,215, and eight over, per year. The total number arrived in all the ports in the year 1840, was 115,206, by sea. The number of passengers last year to this port alone was 74,940; and to Canada, 42,355. A great proportion of these emigrants came through the house of Caleb Grimshaw & Co., 10 Goree Piazzas, Liverpool, to the old established house of Samuel Thompson, Emigrant Office, 273 Pearl-street, in this city; who regularly and faithfully remit sums of money obtained by the hard-earned labour of industrious emigrants, to their friends and relatives in all parts of the three kingdoms with the greatest despatch. A. xv. A USURER OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. -Here lay A manor fast bound in a skin of parchment, To draw in more." MASSINGER'S City Madam. In the year 1605 was born Hugh Audley, some time of the court of wards and liveries, who began with £200, and died in 1662 worth £400,000. In his time he was called "the great Audley," an epithet so often abused, and here applied to the creation of enormous wealth. But there are minds of great capacity concealed by the nature of their pursuits; and the wealth of Audley may be considered as the cloudy medium through which a brighter genius shone, of which, had it been |