Thos. Burke is captain, and James Kennedy, lieutenant. Company No. 3 was organized May 11, 1889. The present officers are: Chas. Beiber, captain; Wm. Enright, lieutenant. Company No. 4, known as the "Union Stock Yards Chemical Company," was organized January 26, 1882. The officers are: John Campaign, captain; Wm. Older, lieutenant. The cost of maintenance at the Union Stock Yards is divided equally between the packers and the underwriters. Company No. 5 was organized March 1, 1892; Frank Doherty, captain; Stephen N. Gaul, lieutenant. Company No. 6 was organized December 1, 1893. George Furnald, captain; John Cullen, lieutenant. Company No. 7 was organized August 24, 1901; Edward Reilly, captain; Thos. Gallagher, lieutenant. Company No. 8 was organized May 30, 1903; Fred Kashbohm, captain; Walter Stedman, lieutenant. James Wheaton, fire reporter. The following tabular statement of losses by fire insurance companies in Chicago in 1915, was made from the returns of the fire patrol for the year ending December 31, 1915: PATROLS, FIRE INSURANCE. [See Fire Patrols.] PATRONS FIRE RELIEF ASSOCIATION, THE, Kingston, R. I. Organized 1901. Isaac L. Sherman, president; P. H. Wessels, secretary. PAWTUCKET MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Pawtucket, R. I. Incorporated 1848. A. A. Mann, president and treasurer; Frank Bishop, secretary. PENNSYLVANIA ASSOCIATION OF INSURANCE AGENTS was organized August 23, 1900, with the following officers: President, W. B. Flickinger; vice-president, L. E. Johns; second vice-president, Fred G. Clark; third vice-president, N. H. Pangborn; secretary and treasurer, D. F. Collingwood. The present officers, elected at the annual meeting in June, 1915, are: President, Leo Schlaudecker, Erie; vice-presidents, Anson P. Dare, C. M. Bender, John W. Evans; secretary and treasurer, H. M. Bird, Harrisburg; executive committee, Charles B. Lutz, James W. Doncaster, C. T. Culp, George W. Billman, Charles F. Humrick. PENNSYLVANIA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, THE, of Philadelphia. Organized 1825; capital, $750,000. Chas. H. Barry, president; Edward T. Cairns, vice-president and treasurer; W. Gardner Crowell, vice-president and secretary; Hampton L. Warner, assistant secretary; Wm. J. Dawson, assistant secretary. PENNSYLVANIA LUMBERMENS MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa. Organized 1895. Edward F. Henson, president; Harry Humphreys, secretary; Justin Peters, manager. PEOPLES FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY OF MARYLAND, Frederick, Md. Organized 1907; cash capital, $100,000. Emory L. Coblentz, president; R. R. Lewis and E. G. Cover, vicepresidents; William M. Doub, secretary; L. W. Gaver, assistant secretary. PEOPLES NATIONAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa. Organized 1908; began business 1909; capital, paid up, $1,000,000. E. C. Stokes, president; J. Hector McNeal, vice-president; Mortimer B. Yates, acting secretary; Jas. M. Canning, chairman. INSURANCE PETERSBURG SAVINGS COMPANY, PHENIX FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Paris, France. Starkweather & Shepley, Inc., United States managers, Providence, R. I. PHENIX MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Concord, N. H. Incorporated 1886; reorganized 1912; Charles L. Jackman, president; Walter Williamson, secretary. Assets, December 31, 1915, $137,155.54; liabilities, $27,237.65. PHILADELPHIA CONTRIBUTIONSHIP FOR THE INSURANCE OF HOUSES FROM LOSS BY FIRE, Philadelphia, Pa. Founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1752. Incorporated 1768. This company has been in operation since 1752 and confines its business to Pennsylvania, writing only perpetual risks. J. Rodman Paul, chairman; J. Somers Smith, secretary and treasurer; C. T. Cowperthwait, assistant secretary. PHILADELPHIA FIRE INSURANCE PATROL. The patrol was established July 15, 1869, and was supported by the voluntary action of the fire insurance companies doing business in the city. It was incorporated February 17, 1871, and reorganized June 8, 1895, the expense being raised by an assessment on premium receipts. The original fire patrol consisted of a horse and wagon and fifteen rubber blankets or covers. Only a few companies contributed to the cost and the establishment was opposed by the old volunteer fire department of the time as a step toward a paid fire department. A notable success achieved by the patrol at a dry goods fire in Chestnut street in saving some $60,000 worth of valuable goods from ruin by water at once satisfied insurance companies of the advantage afforded by the patrol, and they flocked to its support. The first officers were Atwood Smith, president; Alfred G. Baker, treasurer, and John Wilson, Jr., secretary. The original captain was Terrence McCusker, and he had an assistant, George R. Stillman, and a force of five men. The patrol is now composed of thirty-five men thirteen men at Station No. I at 516 Arch Street, eleven men at Station No. 2, at the northeast corner of Fifth and Hewson Streets and ten at No. 3, at 2122 Market Street. Station No. 3 was established April 15, 1909. The captain is Joseph H. Shermer, and the assistant captains Harry Hoffman at No. 1, Sylvester B. Peak at No. 2, and William J. Taylor at No. 3. There are four automobile trucks; two at Station No. 1, and one each at Stations Nos. 2 and 3. The annual report for 1915 showed that the total number of fires in Philadelphia during the year 1915 was 4,256, as compared with 4,385 during 1914, and the total insurance loss was $1,854,979, of which $529,591 was on buildings and $1,325,388 on contents. The total insurance involved on buildings, $38,360,773, and contents, $39,319,750. Exposure losses were $68,000. Of the total number of fires 2,619 were confined to floors where originated, 424 extended to other floors and 128 extended to adjoining property, while there were 1,086 fires other than buildings. The principal causes of fires were defective flues, 110; gas jets, 101; matches, 1,326; smoking, 283; sparks from chimneys, smoke stacks, etc., 426; sparks from locomotives, 200; stoves, 147; boiling lard, oil, etc., 89; candles, 122; hot ashes, 69; rubbish, 78; electricity, 157; spontaneous combustion, 107; unknown, 322. The following are the present officers: President, Charles Platt, Jr.; treasurer, E. T. Cresson; secretary, Charles B. Hill; directors, E. C. Irvin, E. J. Durban, William E. Bates, W. Gardner Crowell. PHILADELPHIA FIRE UNDERWRITERS' ASSOCIATION. The old association, after its tenth annual meeting in November, 1893, discussed the subject of reorganization, and at a meeting held December 4, 1893, it was ordered that the compact of September 1, 1891, be continued in force sixty days more. [For an account of the reorganization see the Cyclopedia for 1894-5 and 1913-14] February 1, 1894, representatives of seventy companies, met and perfected the new organization. An executive committee was appointed to govern the association. Robert B. Beath was chosen chairman and J. W. Grover, secretary. At the annual meeting, November 14, 1894, General Beath was re-elected chairman, and Charles A. Hexamer was appointed secretary. At the annual meeting, November 13, 1895, Eugene L. Ellison was chosen chairman of the executive committee, and Charles A. Hexamer was continued as secretary. May 1, 1905, the offices of the association were removed to the eighth floor of the Bullitt building, 131-41 South 4th Street. The Officers of the association for the year 1915-16 are: Robert M. Coyle, chairman; Charles C. Simpson, vice-chairman; Chas A. Hexamer, secretary and treasurer; Alfred G. Patton, assistant secretary; executive committee, R. N. Kelly, Jr., Leonard M. Addis, William E. Bates, B. H. Wood, Jas. A. McGann, Chas. C. Simpson, Robert M. Coyle, Samuel P. Rodgers, Sheldon Catlin. PHILADELPHIA MANUFACTURERS MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa. Organized 1880. Edwin I. Atlee, president; Richard H. Morris, secretary. PHILADELPHIA SUBURBAN UNDERWRITERS' ASSOCIATION was organized in 1901 for the purpose of maintaining "just and equitable rates and good practices in the fire insurance business." The association is under the supervision of a managing committee, as follows: Charles Platt, Jr., chairman, W. Gardner Crowell, B. H. Wood, C. J. Irvin, J. M. Woodroffe, Gilbert M. Russell. A. P. Stradling is manager and John A. Forrestel, Jr., assistant manager. PHOENIX ASSURANCE COMPANY, Limited, of London. This Company was established in 1782. It was the first English company to establish an agency in the United States, Israel Whelen being its agent in Philadelphia as early as 1804. In 1810 an act was passed by the Pennsylvania legislature prohibiting all insurance by foreign corporations, co-partnerships, or persons not citizens of the United States, and the Phoenix withdrew. It returned again in 1879. Prior to its return it had some reinsurance contracts, so that it sustained losses of $500,000 in Chicago in 1871, and $250,000 in Boston in 1872. The Phoenix is a notable exception to the general history of companies founded upon a grievance, in that it has been successful. It was founded by the sugar bakers of London, because of the high rates charged that industry by the other offices. Before the war of 1812 the Phoenix had agencies established in several of the southern states, as well as in New York and Philadelphia, and in the West Indies. In 1807 it sustained losses in St. Thomas of $1,000,000, and in 1842, in the great fire at Hamburg, Germany, it lost the then unprecedented sum of $1,080,000. Since it returned to this country the Phoenix has received in the United States premiums amounting to $71,441,648, and has paid in losses $45,347,231. It does an agency business throughout the states, and in 1915 wrote $640,476,833 of insurance, the premiums of which were $6,073,943.56. Percival Beresford, manager; Hart Darlington, assistant manager. R. E. Lidster is in charge of the Western department at Chicago, and Washington Irving is the Pacific Coast representative, all reporting to the head office in New York. PHOENIX INSURANCE COMPANY OF HARTFORD, CONN. Organized 1854; capital, $3,000,000. Edward Milligan, president; George M. Lovejoy, vice-president; John B. Knox, Thomas C. Temple, George C. Long, Jr., secretaries; Theodore F. Spear, Henry P. Whitman, Edward V. Chaplin, Fred C. Gustetter, assistant secretaries. PIEDMONT FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Charlotte, N. C. Capital, $100,000. Henry H. McAden, president; A. L. Smith, secretary. Eug. H. Chisholm, manager. PISCATAQUA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Portsmouth, N. H. Organized 1907; capital, $10,000. Calvin Page, president; Alfred F. Howard, secretary. POLICY FORMS AND LAWS. Agitation for a uniform policy began almost in the infancy of what may be called the modern practice of fire underwriting. In the records of the Salamander Society of New York, which was an organization of local fire insurance companies in 1821, and the forerunner of the New York Board of Fire Underwriters, allusion is made to the appointment of a special committee to draft a form. This committee reported to the association June 19, 1821, with a proposed form, which, after it had been submitted to the directors of the company separately, and had received their approval, was adopted and came into general use. It was the model upon which all subsequent improved policies were made in the United States. The National Board of Fire Underwriters was organized in 1866, and the very first subject which claimed its attention after it convened was a form of policy, the board resolving, "that this board recommend to the executive committee to draft a fire policy to be used by all fire insurance companies belonging to this association." A form was reported to the board at its second annual meeting, in 1868, and adopted. Although the subject of a uniform standard policy to become obligatory was stirred up in the legislatures of New York and Massachusetts several years prior to this. Connecticut appears to have been the first state actually to adopt a law requiring a standard form, which was in 1867. The law, however, was repealed a year later. It should be added that many companies have adopted the New York standard for use wherever there is no other compulsory form, so that, with the exception of the slight changes made by the Michigan form, and the special forms in Massachusetts, Maine, New |