FARMERS' FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, York, Pa. Organized 1853. Mutual doing business on the stock plan. William H. Miller, president; A. S. McConkey, secretary.

FARMERS INSURANCE COMPANY, Cedar Rapids, Ia. Organized 1860; capital, $200,000. Ed. H. Smith, president; John B. Henderson, vice-president; C. N. Jenkins, secretary.

FEDERAL INSURANCE COMPANY, Jersey City, N. J. (Marine). Organized 1901; capital $1,000,000. Percy Chubb, president; Max Grunder, secretary.

FEDERAL UNION INSURANCE COMPANY, Chicago, Ill. Organized 1908; capital, $200,000. V. F. Mashek, president; A. W. Ellenberger, J. W. Embree, J. J. McKelvey, vice-presidents; F. H. Osborn, secretary and manager; T. L. Osborn, treasurer and assistant manager; C. R. Osborn, assistant secretary.

FIDELITY-PHENIX FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY of New York. Capital, $2,500,000. Henry Evans, president; George E. Kline, vice-president; J. E. Lopez, second vice-president and secretary; David Rumsey, second vice-president and counsel; C. R. Street, second vice-president; James A. Swinnerton, F. R. Millard, Ernest Sturm, F. W. Koeckert, secretaries; N. T. Robertson and S. R. Kennedy, assistant secretaries; Edward Randall, auditor.

FIELD CLUB OF CALIFORNIA was organized in January, 1909, and its membership is composed of special agents and adjusters in California and Nevada. Its objects are social and to promote the interests of and good practices in fire underwriting. Officers were elected as follows: President, Amos Sewell; vicepresident, F. P. Wilson; secretary, Geo. C. Codding, San Francisco. The present officers, elected in January, 1916, are: President, A. C. Thornton; secretary-treasurer, Geo. C. Codding, Springfield Fire and Marine; executive committee, F. P. Wilson, W. W. Cleveland and F. J. Schoeneman.

FIELDMEN'S CLUB OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND ARIZONA. The association was organized in March, 1916, by special agents in the Southern California and Arizona fields, and its objects are social. The officers elected were: President, A. C. McConnell; vice-president, Charles Van Valkenburg; second vice-president, J. A. Prinsen; secretary, Ernest E. Price; assistant secretary, T. J. Keleher; treasurer, H. R. Jackson.

FIRE ASSOCIATION OF PHILADELPHIA. Chartered in 1817 and in 1871 organized as a stock company; capital, $750.000. E. C. Irvin, president; T. H. Conderman, vice-president; John B. Morton, second vice-president; M. G. Garrigues, secretary; R. N. Kelly, assistant secretary.

FIRE BROKERS ASSOCIATION OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, Inc., New York, N. Y. Organized 1898. The present officers, elected in March, 1916, are: President, John A. Eckert; vicepresident, F. S. Little; treasurer, F. W. Stillman; secretary, Warner J. Roberts; assistant secretary, Harrison Law.

FIRE

ENGINEERS,

NATIONAL

ASSOCIATION OF.

[See National Association of Fire Engineers.]

FIRE INSURANCE CLUB OF CHICAGO. The membership of the club includes managers, general agents, special agents and local agents, as well as many of the employees of general and local fire insurance agencies and a number of managers and employees of the casualty companies, and agencies and was organized on February 6, 1901. As stated in its constitution, the club's object is "to assist its members in becoming thoroughly conversant with the technique of fire insurance in all its departments, and to further the social intercourse of its members." All male persons eighteen years of age or over, who are engaged in the fire insurance business or its affiliated occupations may become members.

The present officers, elected in December, 1915, are: President, C. G. Whipple, National Fire; vice-president, W. E. McCullough, Queen; secretary, R. B. Howd, Phoenix, London; treasurer, J. A. Packard, Springfield Fire and Marine; librarian, Lee Lewland, Western; directors, George S. Valentine, Prussian National; William Otter, Marsh & McLennan; G. L. Truitt, Travelers.

FIRE. INSURANCE

COMPANIES FAILED IN 1915.

[See Reinsured and Failed Companies.]

FIRE INSURANCE POLICY. [See Policy, Standard Fire; also other policy forms.]

FIRE INSURANCE RESULTS IN 1915. [See Results of Fire Underwriting in 1915.]

FIRE INSURANCE RISKS, LIMITATION OF, BY LAW. [See Limitation of Risks in Fire Underwriting.]

FIRE INSURANCE SALVAGE CORPS OF BROOKLYN, N. Y. This organization was authorized by act of the legislature of New York of 1895, to be maintained by a tax upon the premiums of fire insurance companies doing business in Brooklyn. The first meeting of the companies comprising the corporation was held June 28, 1895, and the following officers were elected: George M. Coit, president; Hugo Schumann, vice-president; William T. Lane, treasurer; Britton C. Thorn, secretary. Britton C. Thorn was appointed superintendent, and the corps went into service December

16, 1895. There are three stations, motor equipped and consisting of a force of ten officers and fifty-two patrolmen. James O. Schwank is superintendent. The report on the operations of the three stations for the year ending December 31, 1915, gave the total number of alarms and fires attended by the corps as 3,380 against 3,209 in 1914. The total insurance involved was $39,826,728.26. The total loss in the district under protection of the corps was $1,975,792.66, of which $699,806.07 was on buildings and $1,275,986.59 on contents. The total insurance on buildings was $27,442,169.69, and on contents, $12,384,558.57. The total exposure losses were on buildings, $70,235.68 and contents, $43,879.47. The principal causes of fires were: burning chimneys, 34; burning rubbish, 39; boys with fire, 181; carelessness with candles, 414; with matches, 1191; children with matches, 515; defective chimneys, 83; electric wires, 94; overheated stoves, 108; supposed incendiary, 102; unknown, 597; gas jet and curtain, 207; carelessness of smokers, 355. The directors of the Corps are: E. E. Pearce, president; J. G. Hilliard, vice-president; A. M. Thorburn, treasurer; John H. Kelly, secretary; and George B. Edwards, M. J. Ennis, Charles H. Post, Wallace Reid, C. F. Shallcross, C. L. Tyner.

FIRE INSURANCE RATING, SYSTEMS OF. [See Systems of Rating in Fire Insurance.]

FIRE INSURANCE SOCIETY OF NEWARK, N. J., was organized in December, 1909, for the purpose of studying fire hazards and prevention and for educational and social work. Officers were elected as follows: President, George C. Plume; vicepresident, Albert H. Hassinger; secretary and treasurer, John E. Mayer. The present officers, elected in December, 1915, are: President, Charles M. Henry; vice-presidents, Wm. S. Rosenstrauch and John J. Crawley; secretary and treasurer, George H. Murdoch.

FIRE INSURANCE SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA. The society was organized to aid members in studying questions arising in connection with insurance, and fire protection and prevention. The officers elected at the annual meeting in January, 1916, are: President, Albert C. Rommel; vice-presidents, Miles C. Young, George A. Mahl; secretary, Charles J. Fitzgerald; treasurer, James A. McGann; executive committee, Richard Cross, Edward Maneuvre, Joseph Doyle, Mark D. Goodwin.

FIREMAN'S FUND INSURANCE COMPANY of San Francisco. Organized May, 1863. Its present officers are: Bernard Faymonville, president; J. B. Levison, vice-president; Louis Weinmann, secretary; Herbert P. Blanchard and John S. French, assistant secretaries; A. W. Follansbee Jr., marine secretary; Thos. M. Gardiner, treasurer. Its capital was originally $200,000, increased in 1865 to $500,000. In the Chicago and Boston fires the company paid over three-quarters of a million dollars, at which time an assessment of 50 per cent. was collected and its capital was temporarily reduced to $300,000, but increased in 1880 to $750,000, and again

increased in 1886 to $1,000,000. In the San Francisco conflagration of 1906, all the company's books and papers were burned in the destruction of its home office building. An assessment of 300 per cent. was levied on its stockholders, and claims exceeding eleven million dollars settled without any records to refer to. On January 10, 1907, the paid-up capital was temporarily increased to $1,600,000 and in January, 1909, permanently adjusted at $1,500,000. Its assets January 1, 1916, were $11,326,205.60, with a reinsurance reserve of $5,661,581.73, and a net surplus of $2,664,704.18.

FIRE INSURANCE SOCIETY OF PITTSBURGH, PA., was organized in December, 1911, and the officers elected were: President, D. F. Collingwood; vice-presidents, A. M. Hust, A. H. Eckert and F. W. Kiefer; secretary, John R. Wineman; treasurer, B. D. Cole. The present officers are: President, Edward Benswanger; secretary, P. E. Zimmerman; treasurer, H. P. Lichtenthaler.

FIRE MARSHAL DEPARTMENTS,

CHIEF OFFICERS OF. The following is a list of state officials having charge of the investigation of fires. [See also Fire Marshal Laws.]

States
Alabama..

Connecticut.

District of Columbia..
Illinois.

Indiana.

Iowa.

Kansas.

Kentucky

Louisiana.

Maine

Maryland.

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota.

Mississippi.

Montana
Nebraska

North Carolina

(a) North Dakota.
Ohio.

Oklahoma.
Pennsylvania.
South Carolina

South Dakota.

Tennessee.

Texas

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin..

Names

(2) W. W. Fuller
(1) Thomas F. Egan.
Philip W. Nicholson.
Walter H. Bennett.
W. E. Longley.
Ole O. Roe..
L. T. Hussey.

T. B. Pannell

C. H. Trousdale.

(2) E. J. Carter

G. Ed. Myers.
(4) J. H. Whitney
(2) John T. Winship.
R. W Hargadine..
J. W. Miller.

(8) John F. McCormick.
(7) W. S. Ridgell.
.(2) James R. Young.

A. H. Runge.
Bert B. Buckley..
.C. C. Hammonds.
J. L. Baldwin.
(6) B. A. Wharton.
S. E. Crans.
.C. W. Schuyler.
(9) S. W. Inglish
(2) Joseph Button.
(3) John H. Horan.
. (2) M. J. Cleary.

Official Residences
Montgomery.
Hartford.
Washington.
Springfield.
Indianapolis
Des Moines.
Topeka.
Louisville.
New Orleans.
Augusta.
Baltimore.
Boston.
Lansing.
St. Paul.
. Jackson.
Helena.
Lincoln.

Raleigh.

Bismarck.

Columbus.

Oklahoma City.
Harrisburg.

. Cross Hill.
Pierre.
Nashville.

Austin.

Richmond.

Charleston.

Madison.

IChief of State Police. 2 Insurance commissioner. 3Appointed by State Auditor and ex-officio insurance commissioner. 4The department is known as the "Fire Marshals' Department of the District Police" and the official title is "Deputy chief of the district police." 6Comptroller General. 7Deputy Fire Commissioner. 8Appointed by Insurance Commission. 9Fire Marshal of the State Insurance Commission. (a) Marshall is appointed by governor but is under control of the Insurance Department.

FIRE MARSHAL LAWS. Laws establishing the office of state fire marshal were adopted in Massachusetts and Maryland in 1894,

which appears to have been the first legislation providing for investigation of fires by a distinct state department, or as a function of the insurance departments. Laws, providing for the investigation of fires in some manner are now in force in the following states:

Alabama (1897, 1909, and 1911); Connecticut (1901, 1903, and 1915); Iowa (1911); Illinois (1909); Indiana (1913); Kentucky (1906, 1912, and 1916); Louisiana (1904); Massachusetts (1894); Maryland (1894, 1906, 1910, and 1916); Maine; Mississippi (1902); Minnesota (1905 and 1913); Montana (1911); Michigan (1911 and 1915); New Hampshire; North Carolina (1899, 1901, 1903, and 1915); Nebraska (1900); North Dakota (1913); Ohio (1900 and 1902); Pennsylvania (1895 and 1911); Rhode Island; South Carolina (1904); South Dakota (1907); Tennessee (1907); Texas; Virginia (1906); West Virginia (1909 and 1911); Wisconsin (1907 and 1913).

[For a summary of the provisions and text of laws, see Cyclopedia for 1913-14 and 1915, and also Taxation.]

In Connecticut the chief of the state police, who is fire marshal, was up to 1915 required to make a report to the insurance commissioner, but the requirement was repealed in 1915.

The Maryland legislature in 1916 passed an act transferring the duties of the fire marshal to the insurance department, making the insurance commissioner fire marshal, and providing for the appointment by the insurance commissioner of a deputy marshal, who shall have charge of the investigation of fires.

KENTUCKY. The legislature in 1916 enacted a new law, increasing the duties and powers of the marshal. The office is made a part of the department of insurance," and the marshal is appointed by the auditor of public accounts for a term of four years, and shall give all his time to the office. The marshall shall appoint a chief deputy, and such other deputies, clerks and assistants as he may find necessary, subject to the approval of the auditor. The expenses of this department are paid out of the insurance fund, but shall not exceed in any one year one-half of one per cent. on all premiums of fire insurance companies.

Sections 29 and 30 state the scope of the act and the marshal's duties, and read:

Section 29. (a) The prevention of fires, and the inspection of property periodically or otherwise, or any other regulations or methods adopted for the prevention of or reduction of loss by fire, or to promote the safety of persons in case of fire.

(b) The manufacture, storage, sale, and use of combustibles and explosives. (c) The installation and maintenance of automatic or other fire alarm systems and fire extinguishing equipment.

(d) Fire escapes and other means of exit from or access to buildings or parts of buildings or other property, in case of fire.

(e) The investigation of the cause, origin, and circumstances of fire and the detection and suppression of arson.

Section 30. The State Fire Marshal, in conjunction with or through other public officers upon whom such duties are imposed, if any, shall have power, and it shall be his duty:

(a) To supervise and make or cause to be made periodically a thorough inspection of all property within the cities and towns having fire departments, and so far as practicable all other property within this Commonwealth.

(b) To call to his aid individuals, or committees of commercial, industrial, labor, civic, or public organizations or bodies. for formulating regulations to require that all buildings, structures, and other premises be constructed, made, and kept safe from loss or damage or loss of life or injury to persons by fire; to make and put in force such regulations; and to enforce the same as provided by law.