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THE ASSIGNED DISTRICTS OF BERAR:
PAGE
'Famines are Unknown in Berar,' yet, in 1900, 126,000
People Died from Famine (Official acknowledgment) 483
A Small Farmer's Condition in Berar, as depicted by Mr.
Leslie S. Saunders
Average Production of Wheat Alleged to be 121 Bushels per
Acre; only 2 Bushels Reaped
Population Actually 579,696 Short
THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY:
Paucity of Particulars regarding 1881-82
484
487
489
'Grinding Poverty is the Widespread Condition of the
Masses'
'No Considerable Proportion of the Population Suffer from a
Daily Insufficiency of Food in Ordinary Years' (Madras
Government)
490
What Cultivators Say as to Quantity of Produce taken as Tax
Dewan Bahadur Raghunath Row's Most Valuable Experience 491
If a Three-Quarter Crop only be Reaped, Government Receive
38 per cent., the Ryot 18 per cent., of Gross Produce
The Normal Increase at 1 per cent. per Annum' Announced
in Connection with a Madras District
491
492
During 1891 and 1901 Three Districts show Slight Increase
over Normal, Nineteen exhibit Decrease
493
Minus Population in 1901: 2,710,533 .
THE CENTRAL PROVINCES:
In 1882 these Declared to be the Premier Prosperous Pro-
vinces, yet at Touch of Famine People Perish in Great
Numbers
495
Excessive Increase of Soil Production Based on the Fallacies
of 1882
Government Over-Estimate of Yield: Alleged, 600 lbs. per
Acre; Actual, 372 lbs.
497
Agriculture the Main Dependence of the Provinces
498
A Sample Poverty Case: Less than Half of One Farthing
each Person per Day'
Famine Mortality Results: 1,370,510 Fewer Inhabitants
than Should Have Been
ASSAM:
The Government of India Informed that the Question Raised
in their Letter 'Need Cause Them No Anxiety Whatever' 501
AJMERE-MERWARA:
500
Under Direct Control of Supreme Government
Excess Deaths in Famine Year, 1900, Three and a Half
Times Above the Average: 50,458 Deaths Against 14,609
Deaths being the Average of a Bad Decennial Period
'There is No Surplus in Any of these Villages
507
'The State of the Agricultural Classes is Far from Satis-
factory'
508
The Hunger of One Hundred Millions Never Fully Satisfied.
THE LOWER PROVINCES OF BENGAL:
The Lower Classes . . . have no Resources to Fall Back
Upon in Times of Scarcity'
"There is Almost Constant Insufficiency of Food Among
those who Earn their Living by Daily Labour'
Bengal Government declares People, as a Rule, Well
Nourished'... 'but the Signs Indicating Prosperity
Cease when we reach Behar'
The Behar Ryot: Mr. Toynbee's Description and Sir Henry
Cunningham's Responsibility in Relation Thereto
Repudiation of the Doctrine: Knowledge Imposes Responsi
bility.
Appendices:
511
512
513
I. Results of the Ryotwar System in Coimbatore, 1814-15 to 1828-29 . 515
II. Experiences of Cultivators in the Madras Presidency:
516
(1) In Madura District
(2) "
Nellore
(3) In South Arcot District
AN EXPLANATORY STATEMENT.
Coloured Diagram showing What the Economic Wealth of a
Nation Really Is, and What Part Distribution Plays
Therein
Money Value of Crops not Accurately Obtainable in India
Therefore Government Revenue (its Ratio Ascertained) Made
Reply to a (possible) Rigorous Critic as to How so Many People
Still Continue to Survive, the Average Visible Income
being Below Maintenance Line
530
531
CHAPTER XII.
THE PRESENT ECONOMIC CONDITION OF INDIA: THE REAL INCOME
OF THE PEOPLE.
The Declining Income-A Typographical Sketch.
Presidencies and Provinces to be Separately Considered as to
Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Income
First: a Non-Agricultural Estimate for India as a Whole
Government Greatly to be Condemned for Leaving such a Task
to Outsiders.
539
540
541
Decreased Income in 1899 (Treated as 'a Good Year') Compared
with 1881-2, over £60,000,000
Statement and Analysis of the Whole Non-Agricultural Income
of India-Seventy-two Items and a Total of £85,000,000 541
Presidency and Provincial Estimates:
BENGAL:
Diagram Showing Average Income-Guessed and
Ascertained.
Area under Cultivation during Five Years
Land Receipts in 1898-1899, £15,000,000 Less than in 1882.
Government Estimates of Rice-Yield Averages: 126 lbs. per
Acre Too High; of Wheat 208 lbs. per Acre Too High
Statement and Analysis of Non-Agricultural Income
Total Income £1 Os. 3d. per Head per Annum
547
549
550
551
553
Mr. Grierson on the District of Gaya: the Pioneer's Review
and Conclusion that 'Nearly One Hundred Millions in
British India are Living in Extreme Poverty'
556
Casual Character of '82 Estimate: the Contradiction between
Board of Revenue Statements and the Baring-Barbour
Figures
Government Collection 15, 20, and 31 per Cent. of Gross
Produce respectively; Famine Commission State 15 Per
Cent. Only All Round
557
Proportions of Wet and Dry Cultivation with Statement as
to Yield
Estimate of Famine Commission of 1880 Too High by
£12,139,863 .
'Choppings and Changings' in Money Nomenclature (first £,
then Rs., then Rx., and finally £ Sterling again) render
Statements for Different Years Difficult of Comparison. 561
Statement and Analysis of Non-Agricultural Income.
Average Income: 18s. 10d. per Head per Annum
'If We Can Eat Food Once in Two Days, We Will Not Ask
For More'
THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY:
Wide Difference between Condition of People prior to 1876
and in 1882 .
A Poona Middling Maratha's Requirements Day by Day:
Requires £2 7s. 1d. per annum; if Agriculturist has only
£1 6s. 2d.
Sir James Peile on Out-turn and (Indirect) Testimony to
Greater Prosperity in Feudatory States
Lord Curzon's Yield Estimate-740 lbs. per Acre; Actual
(Wheat), 533 lbs.
Mr. Wingate's Examples of Juwar:
1873-4
1875-6
408 lbs.
3421 lbs.
The Over-Estimation of Wheat-Yield in Sind 331 lbs. per
Indebtedness of Ryots in Four Deccan Districts-Annually
New Debts Incurred to Fully 93 per Cent. of Land
Revenue: the Moneylender Provides the Revenue
Land Revenue Bill of 1901: Non-Official Members' Emphatic
Protest
Minus Difference between Value of Yield in 1882 and
564
565
571
572
Nevertheless the Viceroy in Council Declares an Increase of
£3,602,655 per Annum over 1882! .
Statement and Analysis of Non-Agricultural Income; Latter
Comparatively Large; owing to Manufactories at Bombay
and Ahmedabad
Average Income: £1 18s. 8d. per Head per
THE NORTH-WESTERN PROVINCES AND OUDH:
Annum
The Legend as to the Great Prosperity and Easy Land
Revenue of these Provinces
Individual Rack-Renting Higher Here than in Any Other
Part of India
Difficulty in Ascertaining Proportion Revenue bears to Yield 582
Another Over-Estimate of Out-turn: 104 lbs. per Acre
Excess
Even Here, where there is Much Irrigation, Figures for Out-
turn £3,585,770 Below the Guess of 1882
Agricultural Reduction since 1882-7s. 6d. per Head per
582
583
584
Average Income: £1 3s. 84d. per Head per Annum, 16s. 34d.
Lower than the Viceroy's Estimate of March, 1901
585
THE PANJAB:
Fifty Per Cent Cultivated Areas under Irrigation, Neverthe-
less Famine is Frequent
What Over-Assessment and Rigidity of Our System Have
Done to Reduce the People to Destitution
A Significant Blue Book Entry:
'Property.
'Rs.200 in Debt. No Grain or Property'.
Illustrative Incidents-All Painful
Share of Gross Produce Claimed by Government
Jullundur Wit-according to 'The Little Friend of All the
World' and Mr. Rudyard Kipling
Yet One More Over-Estimate of Yield-This Time 100 lbs.
per Acre
Lord Curzon's Additional 2s. 8d. per Head, Agriculturally,
Represented by a Fifty Per Cent. Reduction on Old Alleged
Income
Average Income per Head per Annum: 17s., as Against the
Viceregal Estimate of £2
The Most Prosperous of the Provinces Nineteen Years Ago
Collapsed Under Stress of Scarcity
Terrible Suffering and Unmerited Poverty the Consequence
of Exaggerated Estimate in 1882.
A Monumental Re-Assessment and a Gross Breach of Faith
in Reducing Settlement Period from Thirty Years to
Twelve Years
592
593
594
595
Rents Increased by Four Hundred to Five Hundred Per Cent.
Still Another Estimated Over-Yield-This Time of 228 lbs.
598
599
600
Description of the Crime Committed in the Settlement of 1896 .
Mr. Pedder's and Sir James Peile's Estimate of Value of
Crops per Acre
602