designing and building branches," in May, 1886, the director of dockyards was created-no longer subordinate to the director of naval construction, but responsible to the controller of the navy for the building of ships, etc., in dockyards and for the manufacture and repair of ships, boats, dockyards, and factories, etc. The director of dockyards thus became an equal, independent branch of the controller's department, although in constant relations with the constructive branch in all matters concerning new construction and extensive alteration.

Besides the duty of building and repair work and the installation and use of machinery and appliances in the dockyards and factories, victualing yards, etc., another important, and perhaps the most important, duty of the director of dockyards and dockyard work is that of preparing for approval the estimates for the annual programme of work in the dockyards at home and abroad and of regulating the number and wages of the men in each yard, the estimates for plant and machinery for the dockyards, and detailed lists of all work to be done as repairs or refits upon vessels in commission. All these estimates or lists are submitted to the controller for his action and that of the Board of Admiralty.

A list of publications to which further reference may be made is appended.

A statement showing the extent to which naval officers are employed in dockyards is appended.

CONSTRUCTIVE BRANCH.

Although the director of naval construction is not directly concerned in dockyard administration, yet indirectly he may be considered as entering in a measure into it. He is the head of the corps of naval constructors and controls its personnel in matters of details to duty at dockyards and he is charged with the supervision of new construction to the extent only of insuring that this is executed in accordance with the designs originating with him, and in this regard he stands in the same relation to the dockyards as with any contractor for contract-built ships. From time to time he sends his officers to the yards for the purpose of ascertaining that the work is being properly done according to the designs. In cases of extensive refit or alteration to ships in dockyards questions involving these are submitted to the director of naval construction for his action before going to the controller for final decision or approval.

As mentioned elsewhere the director of dockyards and dockyard work is in frequent relation with the director of naval construction, but the latter is not concerned in any way with the dockyard plant, labor, or administration, except as above indicated.

THE DEPARTMENT OF THE DIRECTOR OF NAVAL ORDNANCE AT THE ADMIRALTY.

Although this department does not enter except indirectly into dockyard organization, the following description of its methods is

here inserted:

The director of naval ordnance and torpedoes is at present a captain on the active list.

He has under him an assistant director of naval ordnance (a captain), an assistant director of torpedoes (a captain), 11 assistants (commanders and lieutenants), 5 engineer-captains, commanders, etc., inspectors.

In addition there is a large staff of naval officer inspectors under the chief inspector, a rear-admiral on the active list (see p. 534, Navy List).

Within a short time the admiralty has assumed entire charge of the manufacture and supply of naval ordnance, including guns (previously the army designed and furnished the navy with its guns).

All gun mountings are supplied by contract, and about two-thirds of naval guns are made by private contractors, and the other third at Woolwich.

The Woolwich gun factory is under the war department, but navy inspectors are on duty there to superintend navy work, and the Admiralty treat with Woolwich in the same manner that it does with private contractors.

Wherever naval work is on hand there naval inspectors are stationed, and it is the clearly defined policy of the Admiralty to place the bulk of orders for ordnance material in the private establishments in order to have the advantage of this great national resource in time of war and to secure at all times the talent and experience of a large number of ordnance experts who are constantly in keen competition with each other and the world.

There is a wide system of checks by inspections and by reports of boards, so that criticism and approval of work pertain to others than those who are responsible for the design or for the manufacture and installation of the material.

The policy is now clearly established that naval officers shall have all to say in determining the design and character and inspection and test of all ordnance material; that the question as to who manufactures this material is one of lesser importance to the naval officer; and that the distribution of ordnance manufacture and supply among private firms and the inviting of their designs shall be observed and fostered.

Previously the director of naval ordnance was under the controller; but in recent years this has been changed and this department is now separate and charged with all ordnance material. The director is, however, in close relation with the controller and the chiefs of the branches of his department.

Mention should, perhaps, here be made of the ordnance board, to which all large questions of design and ordnance material in general are submitted for consideration and decision. This board is a mixed one, composed of prominent ordnance officers of the navy and army, as members, associated with several of the most expert civilian ordnance engineers in Great Britain and the superintendent of ordnance factories, the chief inspector of naval ordnance, and the chief inspector at Woolwich as consulting experts.

LONDON, June, 1909.

R. P. RODGERS.

Positions in which em

ployed.

Statement showing the extent to which naval officers are employed in His Majesty's dock

yards.

Yards at which employed.

Superintendents or officers
in charge of yards (rear-
admirals or vice-admirals)
Commodores.
Captains..

Commanders.

Captains or commanders of dockyards, deputy superintendents, and King's harbor masters:

Captains..
Commanders.

Assistant staff captains.

Chief gunners or chief

boatswains

1

Malta.

1

1

1

3

Managers of engineering departments (engineer captains or engineer commanders).. Chief engineers (engineer commanders or engineer captains).......... First assistants

(en

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE FOR

FURTHER INFORMATION.

Naval Administration, by Admiral Vesey Hamilton. (On file in Office of Naval Intelligence.)

Dockyard Administration, Past and Present, by Admiral W. H. Henderson, ex-superintendent, Devonport Dockyard. (Chapter IV, Brassey's Annual, 1909.) (On file in Office of Naval Intelligence.) The Navy List, April, 1909. (On file in Office of Naval Intelligence.) Reports of Committees, Admiralty and Dockyard Administration (Graham Report). October 24, 1885.

Reports of Committees (Dockyard Management). May 20, 1886. Designation of the Various Members of the Board of Admiralty, etc. August 10, 1904.

Distribution of Business at Board of Admiralty. October 20, 1904. Statement of Admiralty Policy (see p. 32). November 30, 1905.

Memorandum on Changes in Dockyard Administration. August 1, 1906. Memorandum on Revision of Accounts and Check on Expenditures. November 2, 1908.

THE PORTSMOUTH DOCKYARD.

The following report upon the organization of the Portsmouth dockyard has been prepared after a personal visit to the yard extending through several days and is the outcome of information obtained from the principal officers and heads of departments at the yard, as well as from various officials at the Admiralty and from the study of parliamentary and other publications.

The Portsmouth dockyard is the most important of all British dockyards; Devonport is next in importance, and then Chatham, these three being the principal dockyards and naval ports for the construction, repair, and supply of the fleet. Other smaller yards for particular work are maintained in Great Britain, viz: Sheerness, Pembroke, and Haulbowline (Queenstown, Ireland), but these are limited in resources and extent and are restricted to work or service of special character.

A description of the administrative organization of the Portsmouth dockyard follows:

THE ADMIRAL SUPERINTENDENT.

The admiral superintendent at Portsmouth is a rear-admiral on the active list. His term of office is for three years. He is the military and administrative head of the dockyard, and he has also under his command and control all subsidiary establishments about the port for the supply of the fleet, such as magazines, ordnance stores depot, victualing yards, coal supply, yard craft, etc.

The commander in chief does not interfere in the management of the dockyard except in extreme cases, when he must report his action to the Admiralty; and the admiral superintendent is responsible directly to the Admiralty, through the third sea lord and controller of the navy, for the efficient management of the dockyard and its subsidiaries as a manufacturing, repair, and supply establishment.

All agree that the superintendent's control of all dockyard departments and all supply subsidiaries must be supreme, and that he must be responsible for the efficient working of the establishment as a whole. He is virtually the general manager of all yard departments and is in military command of the dockyard and its subsidiaries above mentioned. While the several departments are separate and in a large measure independent, all must pull together under the immediate control of the superintendent.

Some years ago a technical civil assistant (naval constructor) was supplied to the superintendent's oflice; but this produced friction, as the heads of departments resented his control as an interference, and the office was abolished.

The principal oflicers of the Portsmouth and other principal dockyards are, in order of precedence

Captain of the dockyard and deputy superintendent (a captain).
Manager, constructive department (a naval constructor).
Manager, engineering department (a naval engineer).

Superintending civil engineer (a civilian).
Electrical engineer (a civilian).

Naval-stores officer (a civilian).

Expense-accounts officer (a civilian).

Cashier (a civilian).

Secretary to the superintendent (a civilian).

NOTE. For information concerning the "expense-accounts officer" and "cashier," see Report on Chatham. The systems pertaining to these officers are similar in all dockyards.

CAPTAIN OF DOCKYARD AND DEPUTY SUPERINTENDENT AND KING'S HARBOR master.

The captain of a dockyard, a captain on the active list, is also the deputy superintendent, and in the absence of the admiral superintendent he commands in his stead. He is also the harbor master.

He has as assistants one commander, five lieutenants, two boatswains (one for master rigger). There are also an additional lieutenant and a boatswain for coaling service, but, although the captain of the dockyard is in a manner related to the coaling service, these officers for coaling are largely independent. They are, however, more closely related to the naval-stores officer, in whose charge coal belongs.

The captain of the dockyard is charged with all moorings and mooring buoys; with the handling of ships within the harbor, their berthing, and with the care of those not in commission. He is charged also with all yard craft, tugs, lighters, etc., and with all water traffic connected with the dockyard, but the victualing yard and ordnance depot have their own lighters and tugs for their special services.

He is charged with the rigging loft, sail loft, and flag room (for the making of all flags).

He conducts the steam trials of new ships and of those passing out of dockyard hands after refit before commissioning.

He has general charge of the fire organization, which is manned by the police. The police of the yard are not otherwise under his control, but are directly under the admiral superintendent. They are a detail from the London Metropolitan police.

He is charged with all channel buoys and other aid to navigation. within the limits of the naval port.

In the department of the captain of the dockyard are employed from 400 to 500 men-all civil employees-including masters and crews for tugs and water craft.

In docking ships the captain of the dockyard by a recent order handles and controls the ship until she is placed wholly within the dock, when she is turned over to the constructive department for placing on the blocks. Previously the captain of the dockyard turned the ship over to the constructor as she began to cross the dock sill.

THE CONSTRUCTIVE DEPARTMENT.

The constructive department, under the manager of the constructive department, a chief constructor, is subdivided into three divisions. Each division is under the charge of a constructor, and each division has assigned to it two assistant constructors and a large number of foremen.