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Nature of Crop, and Number of Acres in each Crop, in all the Ionian Islands, since 1828.

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1828..

11162 24782 1475 1829.. 10976 25128 2323 1830.. 10462 24829 2708 1831.. 3362 32596 9938 1832.. 14382 38702 9935 1833.. 14002 36932 4659 1834.. 13605 33415 4475 1835.. 15825 31807 5450 1836.. 16137 37437 5492

13006 104523 49066 678 995 2723
13821 99660 45782 940 803 3307
13104 111576 49608 1434 927 2921
12874 109728 469681689 5050 3765
12867 116828 44451 996 2023 3983
12870 116722 46402 981 1623 3955
12880 116657 46386 1035 1609 5962
12877 116657 46109 1073 1738 4872
15740 219339 119152 1014 1310 4530

7770 207810 292753 10306 202740 499340 11516 217569 484511 18378 235882 466198 30254 244167 457913 23676 238146 463934 31941 234024 444793 41274 296808 442016 44960 420151 442009

Description and Quantity of Produce and Stock in the Ionian Islands, since 1828.-[B. B.]

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1828..

1247 19074 12602 106699 81683 17695 10918 93728 74803 16079 10790 103160 60708 16356 10906 100741 73447 16607 12132 117040 82358 14673 10469 95449 75941 15275| 9660 92002 87627 14038 10521 102499 88210

43056 182151 11589 15135570 190366;240028 21894 93671|| 14225|
1829.. 44134 167944 20605, 17470800 24013267338
1830.. 45380 198228 22260 18003138 135547 289426
1831.. 45138 192507 87591 20496567
286799
1832.. 59969 161843 92385 22776530 179727 319462
1833.. 56702 195160 22357 18832899 69682 270154
1834. 234727 177065| 23944 15071400 253923 306822
1835.. 77721 195440 27267|25489050 70452|297988
1836.. 76326 185660 22915 17980100 113219 210147 37567 74933 23378 170350 14189 10366 95950 68826

35695 60209 15719 48338
26310 91820 16031 197450
32094 132950 24028
34172 115659 21028
36424 107591 30149
45145 94522 19826 114193
45256 109066 24766 100000

In the islands of Corfu and Zante, soap to the | val.; and 14 per cent. ad val. for repair of roads, &c.; value of about 12,000l. sterling is made and exported on wine, 6 do.; on soap, 8 do.; all other articles are annually; also considerable quantities of common free. earthenware. The other manufactures of the states are silk shawls, coarse linens, coarse woollen blankets, and goat-hair carpets and sacking.

Agriculture is yet extremely rude, and the instruments of tillage as primitive probably as in the time of Ulysses. The olive is the principal product.

The vine is generally planted in the plains and vallies, and corn on the declivities of the hills. The export duties are on oil and currants 18 per cent. ad

[There is a Regent at each island with 300 to 400l. per an. each, and styled "Most Excellent ;" and 4 or 5 municipal magistrates with salaries of about 100%. per an. each. The president is styled "His Highness," and has a salary of 1500l. and a house: there are 5 senators styled "Most Excellent," with 7651. per an. each: the Legislative Assembly of 37 members have each 108!. per an., and the President of the Assembly 600l. per an.]

CHAPTER IV.-HELIGOLAND.

SECTION 1.-The island of Heligoland, in the North Sea, is situated in 54. 11. N. latitude and 7. 51. E. longitude of Greenwich, and is from 24 to 26 English miles distant from the mouths of the Elbe, the Eyder, the Weser and the Jahde. It is of considerable importance to vessels bound to these rivers, not only because its church and lighthouse are an admirable beacon, but also because ships may here be supplied with experienced and licensed pilots.

II. In August 1714, the island was conquered from the Duke of Sleswick by the crown of Denmark, which retained possession of it till the 5th September, 1807, when it was occupied by the English, and in 1814 was formally ceded to Great Britain, under whose government it still continues.

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III. The island, which is in the form of an acute angled triangle, is now only about one English mile in length from N. to S., one-third in breadth from E. to W., and two miles and one-third in circumference. It is certain that it was anciently of much greater extent, but there are no authentic records to determine how far it may have stretched into the sea and approached the continent.

The island consists of the upper part, called the Oberland, and the lower, or Unterland, which lies in a south-easterly direction. The height of the Oberland, at its most elevated point on the western side, is 200 feet above the level of the sea, the eastern side being lower. The island is visible at a distance of 16 and 20 miles; its first appearance is very striking,

Horses.

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and it increases in interest on a nearer approach. | amount so raised is principally by granting licenses to [For Geology, &c., see "Colonial Library," Vol. V.]

IV. The climate is mild, and resembles that of the midland counties of England, the heat and cold being tempered by the sea breezes; the air is pure and very salubrious, whence Heligoland has been much frequented by visitors from all parts of Germany, Prussia, Poland and Russia, since the erection of the baths in 1826; they are considered by physicians as the most efficacious in the North sea.

V. The number of inhabitants is 2,200; namely, 1,000 males, 1,200 females. In 1836-births, 52; marriages, 23; and deaths, 32. The population, which is increasing, is considerable for so small a spot, especially as many families have emigrated within the last 20 years from the want of employment at home. They are chiefly engaged in the fishery or navigation, and many also are brought up as pilots. There is a brewery and a distillery, and the number of mechanics and shopkeepers is commensurate to the wants of this small colony. The number of houses is 470. The Heligolanders are of Frisian origin, and speak a dialect of that language, but at church and in the school the High German alone is used. They are a tall and strong people, with handsome features and florid complexions; their habits are very simple, and their inactivity and fearfulness on shore as remarkable as their industry and daring courage at sea.

VI. There is one church, St. Nicholas, built in 1685, situated in the Upper Town, capable of containing from 700 to 800 persons; about 250 generally attend. The clergyman receives 741. per annum, and has likewise a house found him, together with two pieces of ground, one 48 fathoms long and 27 broad, and the other 140 fathoms long and 13 feet broad. There is no chapel.

The junior clergyman instructs the upper class in the school; the other two classes being taught by two schoolmasters. The total number of children in the schools is about 350.

VII. There is one school, which is public, situated in the Upper Town, and contains 158 male and 162 female children. It is conducted by three masters; the head master receiving 747. per annum ; the second master, 30. per annum; and the third master, 20l. per annum. The school is supported by voluntary contributions, and a fixed sum of 5s. 4d. per annum for each child, which meets the expenses.

VIII. There is a building used as a prison, situated near the top of the steps in the Upper Town, which contains four cells, but there have been no prisoners of any description this year. [B. B. 1836.]

IX. By virtue of the capitulation concluded with Admiral Russel, in 1807, the inhabitants were permitted to retain their ancient constitutions and the Danish laws, an agreement which has been strictly adhered to. The affairs of the island are administered by a governor (at present Colonel Sir Henry King, Knight of the Guelphic Order), and under him is a court composed of six municipal councillors, who are chosen from among the inhabitants. The finances and police are superintended by 16 elders, and 8 ad. juncts, who with the municipal councillors constitute the government.

X. The local revenues of this island, taking one year with another, are about 1607. per annum. The

shopkeepers, pilots, and other persons following any trade or business to enable them to carry on their respective occupations; rating each person in proportion to the extent of his business.

The expenditure of the island is about 1601. per annum. Its disbursements are principally for the payment of the interest of the island debt, for the erection and repairs of bulwarks, and for keeping in repair other buildings the property of the island.

Estimate of the sum which will be required to defray the expense of the Civil Establishment of Heligoland, for the period from the 1st day of April, 1838, to the 31st day of March, 1839:

Lieut.-Governor, 500l.; Clerk to Lieut.-Governor, 1367.; two Clergymen, at 50l., 1007.; Town Clerk, 604.; Signal Man, 601.; Buoy Keeper, 331.; Mail Carrier, 691.; Keeper of Blockhouse, 31.; total, 9637. This estimate is for the same amount as that for the preceding year.

XI. There are eight or nine vessels of 50 or 60 tons each, which perform voyages to England, France, Norway, and the Baltic Sea; and about 60 open fishing boats of three or four tons, and small boats for the lobster fishing.

XII. Prices of produce in 1836; Beef, 3d. per lb.; mutton, 3d. per lb.; Potatoes, 1s. per bushel; coffee, from 6d. to 1s. per lb.; tea, from 18. to 58. per lb. ; lump sugar, from 5d. to 8d. per lb. ; moist sugar, from 3d. to 4d. per lb.; coals, 18. 6d. per bushel.

There are no manufactories, mills or works, &c. of any kind. There has been one ship built in the colony of 50 tons burthen. There are about 60 boats employed fishing for haddocks and lobsters; between 70,000 and 80,000 of the former and about 27,000 of the latter are caught annually, the whole of which are sent to Hamburgh and Bremen, with the exception of 7000 or 8000 lobsters annually sent to England; value of haddocks, 3,3337.; value of lobsters, 6751.; total, 4,008. There are no horses and only 6 horned cattle, 150 sheep, and 4 goats in the island. During the system of the continental exclusion from 1807 to 1814, the possession of Heligoland was of the utmost importance to the English Government, as it enabled them to watch all the motions of the enemy in the countries lying on the coast; and gave them the command of the mouths of the rivers which permitted them to protect the commerce of British subjects with the neighbouring states, while the island at the same time served as a depot for their goods, which were offered for sale, or sent to different parts of the Continent. At present Heligoland is of great service to navigation from its conspicuous lighthouse, from the able pilots who may always be obtained there, and from the anchorage it affords to shipping. This anchorage might be converted into an excellent harbour, which would afford shelter to merchantmen and the government steam-boats which touch at this island during the winter season to deliver the mails, which at the breaking up of the ice, are always forwarded by vessels of small draught.

[A tract of about 5000 square miles on the North coast of the island of Borneo, the island of Fernando Po, Aden in the Red Sea, and Socotra island off Cape Gardafiui, have not been included in the Work.]

THE END.

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1827 8380833

£ £ £ 1814 9022309 6282226 339912 6622138 1815 8903260 6742451 453630 7196081 1816 7847895 4584509 268719 4853228 1817 8326926 6632708 382883 7015591 1818 8608790 5717216 272491 5989707 1819 8188539 4395215 297199 4692414 1820 8353706 4246783 314567 4561350 1821 8367477 4940609 370738 5311347 1822 8019765 4127052 243126 4370178 1823 8425276 4621589 285247 4906836 1824 9065546 4843556 324375 5167931 1825 7932829 4702249 295021 4997270 1826 8420454 3792453 255241 4047694 4685789 331586 5017375 1828 9496950 4134744 326298 4461042 1829 9087923 5162197 359059 5521256 1830 8599100 3749799 290878 4040677 1831 8447760 3729522 258764 3988286 1832 8138669 3813821 286605 4100426 1833 8008248 4401991 302189 4704180 1834 8411115 4494660 323986 4818646 1835 7541010 5575004 379298 5954302 1836 8072048 5792875 501580 6294455 1837

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C.-An account of the value of all Exports to the British Colonies in the West Indies, and to the Mauritius for ten years, ending 5th of January, 1837, distinguishing the years and the colonies.

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Antigua

Barbadoes

Dominica

L

£
100515 113186 95623
293292 303255 275335
16233 29697 22200

Grenada

Jamaica

Montserrat

Nevis

St. Christopher.

St. Lucia.

St. Vincent..

98074

Tobago..

54633

44398

Tortola..

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Trinidad

Bahamas.

Bermudas

Demerara

Berbice....

Honduras

35227 55430

34251 410764 439773

50576 601781 52687 71588 96214 232394 182120 301630

Total of the Brit. W. Indies. 3914808 3616001 3971144 3129326 2840713 2726414 2899781 3004009 3566839 4288033

Mauritius

210209 199295 230007 180437 160460 187779 98235 192213 225149 315936

a

76326 45518 251470 212329

L L £ 124397 137135 139966 306681 335841 317634 39811 33760 27301 90883 118917 96345 80036 73722 69066 71720 75301 68894 17782941538769 18254091353359 1240438 1324675 1184856 1281239 1718768 1756503 9061 10240 8045 8647 7954 7571 3455 7075 8049 4290 15827 23673 22909 16404 12433 10245 12351 9661 22379 20688 76518 88748 76183 56593 40499 38748 43343 56173 59353 63728 36331 48079 40873 25020 17586 12127 14937 107404 103703 80423 69559 66653 67484 51664 58225 40737 5487 6518 3560 346212 306504 295392 164070 183645 43931 33450 41861 43210 18891 35877 39761 27942 57576 41515 534805 479531 541710 458194 387634 69425 63228 56316 242200 189919 295562

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D.-Imports, Exports, and Home Consumption of Sugar (in cwts.), and of the Revenue collected thereon, in each year since 1814, with the annual average prices and rates of duty for the same period; stated for the United Kingdom. IMPORTS.

RAW SUGAR.

EXPORTS.

Total Export

of Sugar, Raw
Quantity retained
and Refined.

for actual con

sumption in the

United Kingdom.

British
Refined Sugar,

(reduced to its
equivalent

quantity of Raw Sugar.)

49849

581421

4212786 430817 125639 365889 4134335 385761 127052 192780 3880149 234996 125893 105916 3911161 142571

162395

138032 4075806 98512

205527

85837 4198515 58913

277228

162990 4209676 77057

269162

197037 4373166

9851

226371 112954 3774386 10657

219580
271848

1826 4002426 186782

164822

175846

Years.

1827 3550918 204344
1828 4313430 361325
1829 4152815 297958
1830 3913268 485710
1831 4103746 517553
1832 3784245 541770
1833 3655611 529352
1834 2844243 555861
1835 3523948 558237
1836 3600517 497303 223695 327647 4649162
1837 3305238 537961 374306 265073

E.

4482578

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205750 4412650 8836
162784 3908135 11529 21593
65065
4419095 102297 45534
178910 4110018 40931
46480
156266 136999 4968020 50586
206052 199568 4856393 16467
293769 223257 4916004 13355 48383
237416 507547
5366262 10800 11174
175252 366482 4867749 5398 10147
208301 346028 4739292
7850
3327
141280 202030
213646 152436

Considered as E. I. sugar in these

years.

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RATES OF DUTY.

British Plantation,
(Brown or Musco-
vado.) per cwt.

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*Including Sugar of Martinique and Guadaloupe, admitted for Home Consumption, under Act 53 Geo. 3. c. 62. + Drawback and Bounty allowed on Exportation to Foreign Parts, and Repayments on Over Entries, &c. Rates of duty on E. I. sugar, viz. of any British Possession within the limits of the E. I. C. charter, into which the importation of foreign sugar may (by Act 6 & 7 William IV.) be prohibited and imported from thence, per cwt., 17. 4s, Of any other British Possession within those limits and imported from thence, 17. 12s.

1

1

7

1

1

1

7

Foreign Plantation, Brown or Muscovado, duty per cwt. 1814, 37. 38.; 1815, 31. 38.; 1816, To 5 Sept. 31. 3s.; From 5 Sept. 31.; 1817, 37.; 1818, 37. 3s.; 1819, To 5 May, 31. 3s.; From 5 May to 5 Sept. 31. 18.; From 5 Sept. 31.; 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 37.; 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 31. 3s.

N.B. Foreign Sugar was, during the under-mentioned periods, admitted to entry for the purpose of being refined, on payment of the following Rates of Duty:-From 1 June, 1827, 17. 98. per cwt.; From 28 July, 1828, to 5 July, 1830. If not of greater value than the average price of Sugar of the British Plantations in America, 17. 78. per cwt. And further in respect of every shilling by which it might exceed such average price, 9d. From 5 July, 1830, to 5 July, 1831. If not of greater value than the average price of Sugar of the British Plantations in America, il. 4s. per cwt. And further in respect of every shilling by which it might exceed such average price, 6d.

Years.

1814

F.-SUGAR (CWTS.) IMPORTED INTO THE UNITed Kingdom FROM THE BRITISH WEST INDIA POSSESSIONS.

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Rates of Tares allowed on West India Sugar imported into Great Britain.-From Jamaica, Grenada, Tobago, St. Vincent, and St. Kitt's, hogsheads, from 8 to 12 cwt. I cwt. 7 lbs. ; from 12 to 15, 1 cwt. 1 qrs. 12 lbs.; from 15 to 17, 1 cwt. 2 qrs.; from 17 and upwards, I cwt. 2 qrs. 14 lbs.

From Dominica, Antigua, Nevis, Montserrat, and Trinidad, hogsheads, from 8 to 12 cwt., 1 cwt. 7 lbs. ; from 12 to 15, 1 cwt. 1 qrs. 4 lbs.; from 15 to 17, 1 cwt. I qrs. 21 lbs.; from 17 and upwards, 1 cwt. 2 qrs.

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