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of section 173 of the Clean Air Act (relating to lowest achievable emission rate and compliance by other sources) and which assures compliance with the annual reduction requirements of subparagraph (C); and

(ii) requires existing sources to achieve such reduction in emissions in the area as may be obtained through the adoption, at a minimum of reasonably available control technology, and (C) a program which requires reductions in total allowable emissions in the area prior to July 1, 1979, so as to provide for the same level of emission reduction as would result from the application of the regulation referred to in paragraph (1).

The Administrator shall terminate such waiver if in his judgment the reduction in emissions actually being attained is less than the reduction on which the waiver was conditioned pursuant to subparagraph (C), or if the Administrator determines that the State is no longer in compliance with any requirement of this paragraph. Upon application by the State, the Administrator may reinstate a waiver terminated under the preceding sentence if he is satisfied that such State is in compliance with all requirements of this subsection.

(3) Operating permits may be issued to those applicants who were properly granted construction permits, in accordance with the law and applicable regulations in effect at the time granted, for construction of a new or modified source in areas exceeding national primary air quality standards on or before the date of the enactment of this Act if such construction permits were granted prior to the date of the enactment of this Act. and the person issued any such permit is able to demonstrate that the emissions from the source will be within the limitations set forth in such construction permit.

(c) Notwithstanding the requirements of section 406 (d) (2) (relating to date required for submission of certain implementation plan revisions), for purposes of section 110(a) (2) of the Clean Air Act each State in which there is any nonattainment area (as defined in part D of title I of the Clean Air Act) shall adont and submit an implementation plan revision which meets the requirements of section 110 (a) (2) (I) and part D of title I of the Clean Air Act not later than January 1, 1979. In the case of any State for which a plan revision adopted and submitted before such date has made the demonstration required under section 172 (a) (2) of the Clean Air Act (respecting impossibility of attainment before 1983), such State shall adopt and submit to the Administrator a plan revision before Julv 1, 1982, which meets the requirements of section 172 (b) and (c) of such Act.

STUDIES AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES FOR OXIDES OF

NITROGEN

SEC. 202. (a) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall conduct a study of the public health implications of attaining an emission standard on oxides of nitrogen from light duty vehicles of 0.4 gram per vehicle mile, the cost and technological capability of attaining such standard, and the need for such a standard to protect public health or welfare. The Administrator shall submit a report of such study to the Congress, together with recommendations not later than July 1, 1980.

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STUDY AND REPORT OF FUEL CONSUMPTION

SEC. 203. (a) Following each motor vehicle model year, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall report to the Congress respecting the motor vehicle fuel consumption associated with the standards applicable for the immediately preceding model year.

(b) The Secretary of Transportation and the Secretary of Energy shall each submit to Congress, as promptly as practicable following submission by the Administrator of the fuel consumption report referred to in subsection (a), separate reports respecting such fuel consumption.

CARBON MONOXIDE INTRUSION INTO SUSTAINED USE

VEHICLES

SEC. 226. (a) The Administrator, in conjunction with the Secretary of Transportation, shall study the problem of carbon monoxide intrusion into the passenger area of sustained-use motor vehicles. Such study shall include an analysis of the sources and levels of carbon monoxide in the passenger area of such vehicles and a determination of the effects of carbon monoxide upon the passengers. The study shall also review available methods of monitoring and testing for the presence of carbon monoxide and shall analyze the cost and effectiveness of alternative methods of monitoring and testing. The study shall analyze the cost and effectiveness of alternative strategies for attaining and maintaining acceptable levels of carbon monoxide in the passenger area of such vehicles. Within one year the Administrator shall report to the Congress respecting the results of such study.

(b) For the purpose of this section, the term "sustained-use motor vehicle" means any diesel or gasoline fueled motor vehicle (whether light or heavy duty) which, as determined by the Administrator (in conjunction with the Secretary), is normally used and occupied for a sustained, continuous, or extensive period of time, including buses, taxicabs, and police vehicles.

INTERAGENCY COOPERATION ON PREVENTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CANCER AND HEART AND LUNG DISEASE

SEC. 402. (a) Not later than three months after the date of enactment of this section, there shall be established a Task Force on Environmental Cancer and Heart and Lung Disease (hereinafter referred to as the 'Task Force'). The Task Force shall include representatives of the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Cancer Institute, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, and the National Institute on Environmental Health Sciences, and shall be chaired by the Administrator (or his delegate).

(b) The Task Force shall

(1) recommend a comprehensive research program to determine and quantify the relationship between environmental pollution and human cancer and heart and lung disease;

(2) recommend comprehensive strategies to reduce or eliminate the risks of cancer or such other diseases associated with environmental pollution;

(3) recommend research and such other measures as may be appropriate to prevent or reduce the incidence of environmentally related cancer and heart and lung diseases;

(4) coordinate research by, and stimulate cooperation between, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and such other agencies as may be appropriate to prevent environmentally related cancer and heart. and lung diseases; and

(5) report to Congress, not later than one year after the date of enactment of this section and annually thereafter, on the problems and progress in carrying out this section.

STUDIES

SEC. 403. (a) Not later than eighteen months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, in cooperation with the National Academy of Sciences, shall study and report to Congress on (1) the relationship between the size, weight, and chemical composition of suspended particulate matter and the nature and degree of the endangerment to public health or welfare presented by such particulate matter (especially with respect to fine particulate matter) and (2) the availability of technology for controlling such particulate matter.

(b) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall conduct a study and report to the Congress not later than January 1, 1979, on the effects

on public health and welfare of odors or odorous emissions, the sources of such emissions, the technology or other measures available for control of such emissions and the costs of such technology or measures, and the costs and benefits of alternative measures or strategies to abate such emissions. Such report shall include an evaluation of whether air quality criteria or national ambient air quality standards should be published under the Clean Air Act for odors, and what other strategies or authorities under the Clean Air Act are available or appropriate for abating such emissions.

(c) (1) Not later than twelve months after the date of enactment of this Act the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall publish throughout the United States a list of all known chemical contaminants resulting from environmental pollution which have been. found in human tissue including blood, urine, breast milk, and all other human tissue. Such list shall be prepared for the United States and shall indicate the approximate number of cases, the range of levels found, and the mean levels found.

(2) Not later than eighteen months after the date of enactment of this Act the Administrator shall publish in the same manner an explanation of what is known about the manner in which the chemicals described in paragraph (1) entered the environment and thereafter human tissue.

(3) The Administrator, in consultation with National Institutes of Health, the National Center for Health Statistics, and the National Center for Health Services Research and Development, shall, if feasible, conduct an epidemiological study to demonstrate the relationship between levels of chemicals in the environment and in human tissue. Such study shall be made in appropriate regions or areas of the United States in order to determine any different results in such regions or areas. The results of such study shall, as soon as practicable, be reported to the appropriate committee of the Congress.

(d) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall conduct a study of air quality in various areas throughout the country including the gulf coast region. Such study shall include analysis of liquid and solid aerosols and other fine particulate matter and the contribution of such substances to visibility and public health problems in such areas. For the purposes of this study, the Administrator shall use environmental health experts from the National Institutes of Health and other outside agencies and organizations.

(e) (1) The Secretary of Labor, in consultation with the Administrator, shall conduct a study of potential dislocation of employees due to implementation of laws administered by the Administrator. Such study shall estimate the number of employees so affected, identify exist

ing sources of assistance available to such employees, assess the adequacy of such assistance, and recommend additional adjustment measures, if justified.

(2) The Secretary shall submit to Congress the results of the study conducted under paragraph (1) not more than one year after the date of enactment of this section. (f) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall undertake to enter into appropriate arrangements with the National Academy of Sciences to conduct continuing comprehensive studies and investigations of the effects on public health and welfare of emissions subject to section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act (including sulfur compounds) and the technological feasibility of meeting emission standards required to be prescribed by the Administrator by section 202(b) of such Act. The Administrator shall report to the Congress within six months of the date of enactment of this section and each year thereafter regarding the status of the contractual arrangements and conditions necessary to implement this paragraph.

(g) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall conduct a study and report to Congress by the date one year after the date of the enactment of this section, on the emission of sulfur-bearing compounds from motor vehicles and motor vehicle engines and aircraft engines. Such study and report shall include but not be limited to a review of the effects of such emissions on public health and welfare and an analysis of the costs and benefits of alternatives to reduce or eliminate such emissions (including desulfurization of fuel, short-term allocation of low sulfur crude oil, technological devices used in conjunction with current engine technologies, alternative engine technologies, and other methods) as may be required to achieve any proposed or promulgated emission standards for sulfur compounds.

RAILROAD EMISSION STUDY

SEC. 404. (a) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall conduct a study and investigation of emissions of air pollutants from railroad locomotives, locomotive engines, and secondary power sources on railroad rolling stock, in order to determine

(1) the extent to which such emissions affect air quality in air quality control regions throughout the United States,

(2) the technological feasibility and the current. state of technology for controlling such emissions, and

(3) the status and effect of current and proposed State and local regulations affecting such emissions. (b) Within one hundred and eighty days after commencing such study and investigation, the Administrator

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