revised, and the editor acknowledges his special indebtedness to Elias von Steinmeyer's Kleinere althochdeutsche Sprachdenkmäler (1916) and Gustav Ehrismann's Althochdeutsche Literaturgeschichte (1918), and to the collaboration of Eduard Sievers.

The texts, to which additions had been made in every one of the preceding editions, have not been increased this time either in number or extent. A number of emendations suggested in recent years have been given in the foot-notes, but very few of them have been taken into the texts. In No. XIII b (Bruchstücke eines rheinfränkischen Psalters), Braune, following Steppat and Steinmeyer, has altered 'in' (1.1) tone,' 'uuirdit' (1. 36) to neuuirdit,'' seilelin' (1. 69) to 'seileclin,' and 'aphlon' (1. 73) to 'aphilon.' In the so-called S. Emmeraner Gebet (No. XVIII b) the words not found in MS. B have been shown by small print, a helpful improvement. In 11. 3 and 4 of the Hildebrandslied Braune has returned to the punctuation of his earlier editions. While in the last two editions he had put the full stop after 'sunufatarungo,' he now puts it again after 'tuêm.' In Hl. 41 he has altered 'fuortos' to fortôs,' accepting the view of Danielowski and others that the small 'u' which in the MS. appears over the first 'o' of the word is a late addition. In 1. 57 b of the Ludwigslied Ehrismann's convincing emendation 'Kuning unsêr sâlîg' has been substituted for 'Kuning uuîgsâlig' of the previous editions. In 1. 130 of Memento Mori Braune now prints the MS. reading 'dannan,' which in all former editions he had rejected in favour of Steinmeyer's 'dannoh.'

The numerous misprints in the texts of the seventh edition have been corrected with the only exception, I believe, of 'spuodî' (Is. iv, 77) which should be 'spuodi,' being gen. sing. of 'spuot, f.' Several new ones, however, have crept in: Is. iii, 145 (M) 'qnad' for 'quad,' Murb. H. ii, 2, 4 terra' for terram,' and ibid. ii, 3, 1'ima' for iam.' The numeral '15' should be inserted on p. 68, 1. 2 before the sub-heading 'Psalmus III,' and a full stop at the end of line 81 on page 76.

Braune has changed his views with regard to the dialect of two of the texts. While formerly he described the Leiden Williram MS. A as 'umschrift in einen nördlich-rheinfränkischen dialekt,' he now considers it eine umschrift in einen nördlich-fränkischen dialekt,' and the language of Christus und die Samariterin, which in the earlier editions was called 'alemannisch,' in the seventh edition 'alemannisch mit fränkisch gemischt,' is now described as 'fränkisch mit alemannisch gemischt.' Braune's belief in a High German original of the Hildebrandslied has never been shaken, and he still accounts for its 'Mischdialekt' by assuming that the High German original was copied by a Saxon scribe.

The Bibliography has been brought up to 1920, and I have noticed only one mistake in it. The review of F. Lauchert's Geschichte des Physiologus, quoted on p. 180, 1. 27, appeared in Englische Studien, vol. XIV, pp. 123 ff., and not, as stated, in vol. XVI, pp. 296 ff. Lauchert replied to the reviewer, vol. XIV, pp. 296 ff.

The Notes on the Hildebrandslied, dealing with emendations and interpretations of the text, have grown by nearly two pages, in spite of

the exclusion of 'gewagte änderungen und deutungen, die oft nur einer theorie zu liebe ersonnen sind.'

The Glossary has been much improved both by corrections and additions. The following words, however, are still omitted:-alsô adv. ebenso, auch (Pedíu héizet er Mars, álso mors. N. 11, 25).—ëban-alt, ëbenalt adj. gleichalt (táz síh nîoman iro negelóubti uuésen ébenált. N. 3, 12).-thara-fuoren, tharafuaren sw. v. hinführen (thia muater tharafuari. O. 13, 7).—hôh-setli n. Hochsitz, thronus (ih chisah druhtîn sitzendan oba dhrâto hôhemu hôhsetle. Is. iv, 81).-inleiten sw. v. inducere, hineinführen (chorungo pisuuicchilîneru incaleitit ni lazzês. Murb. H. ii, 10).-myrra f. Myrrhe (mýrrun inti uuírouh. O. 11, 65).—skînbârî f. nitor, Glanz (Jupiter túncheleta fóre sînero skînbari. N. 7, 6).—slâf-rag adj. sopitus, eingeschlafen, schläfrig (tagastern tac slâfragan uuechentêr. Murb. H. ii, 4).-ar-sterben [starbjan], erstarben § 27, 2 b sw. v. töten (Ih ne furhti die menigi des mih umbestandentis liutes samso er mih erstarben mege, ih ne irsterbe gerno. N. 15, 22).-un-tât, undât f. Sünde (thaz ih úndato ni fíndu in imo thráto. O. 38, 4).

Students would, no doubt, appreciate an extension of the plan of entering difficult variants in their alphabetical places with cross-references to their normal forms. It is indeed difficult to see why e.g. 'arbi,' 'ervi' ='erbi,' 'heitar'='eitar' should have been so treated but not 'heribi' (XIII b, 69), or 'funt'='phunt' but not 'fending'=' phending,' why there should be a cross-reference from 'intrâtan' to 'trâtan' but none from 'intrerteda' (intemperies, N. 19, 5) to 'rerteda,' and why 'guuun (N. 11, 7)= 'gawin' should not have been given at all.

On page 213 'dannoh' should be deleted, as it has been replaced by 'dannan' in the text (42, 130); p. 214, col. 1, 1. 35 read 'O. 4, 85' for 'O. 4, 58'; p. 214, col. 2, 1. 24 tîehsamo' for 'thiehsamo'; p. 216, col. 2, 1. 23 ' N. 11, 4' for 'N. 12'; p. 217 insert 'n' after 'einwerch'; p. 230, col. 2, last line insert § before 224; p. 236 read chelig s. quelîg' for 'chëlig s. quëlig'; p. 245, col. 1, l. 55 Is. iv, 90' for 'Is. iv, 87'; p. 265, col. 2, 1. 13 Is. iii, 51' for 'Is. iv, 51'; p. 272, col. 1, l. 51 ‘43, 109' for '43, 53.'

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'G.G.A. Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen' should be added to the list of abbreviations on p. 169.

OXFORD.

H. G. FIEDLER.

Von Ludwig Tieck zu E. T. A. Hoffmann. Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des romantischen Subjektivismus. Von WALTER JOST. (Deutsche Forschungen, IV.) Frankfurt am Main: M. Diesterweg. 1921. x + 138 pp. 24 M.

This is the first of a new series of monographs on German literature and language under the editorship of Professor Panzer of Heidelberg and Julius Petersen, lately installed in Erich Schmidt's chair at Berlin. Of the five works promised by the publisher only one other (on Hölderlin's Lyrical Poems) has so far appeared, owing to the extremely unfavourable

condition of things in Germany, while two more may be expected in the course of this

year.

Dr Jost's introduction sketches Hoffmann's personality as a romanticist in whose nature romantic 'Sehnsucht' played a decisive rôle and formed the basis of his affinity to Tieck. The expression of this 'Sehnsucht' in the two poets as irony, music, love and art and its fulfilment in the fairy tale are the theme of the book, showing at every stage the younger man's greater objectiveness and grasp of life. Wackenroder's (and Tieck's) Berglinger and Hoffmann's Kreisler are both romantic musicians at variance with the realities of their world; but while Berglinger is totally subjective, passive and weak, Kreisler's sorrows arise from his struggle against the opposing forces of life. Berglinger is a pale sigh, while Kreisler has flesh and blood, a tangible and visible form. Both Tieck and Hoffmann have the same ideas about the effect of matrimony on the artist: both see in the fulfilment of love, i.e., in marriage, the death of artistic inspiration and force. The 'eternal love' of the artist is 'love par distance'; but while Tieck's and Wackenroder's ethereal natures cannot even bear the sight of the earthly beloved, Hoffmann's more robust mind sees danger only in possession. This strongly realistic leaning in Hoffmann's art finds its most decided expression however in the fairy tales, the Märchen. This is the nucleus and the most important chapter in the book. The realm of pure imagination is the only ground where the yearning of the romanticist may find complete fulfilment, without the danger of a bitter awakening to fact. But it is significant that whereas Tieck's fairyland almost never succeeds in completely satisfying his heroes, who always wish to return to mother earth and the life of reality, Hoffmann actually finds in the realm of the spirit that repose and contentment which is denied him in the real world. For Tieck, fairyland is only a temporary resting place from the stress of reality, not a goal. For Hoffmann it is the end of his endeavours, where the spirit finds the perfect harmony it needs. Tieck's fairyland is something apart from reality, a subjective creation of the hero's longing imagination, existing only as a reflection of his soul. Hoffmann's fairyland is, to be sure, not less subjective, but much less dependent on the whims of his personages. It is not somewhere far away, but right here, permeating, and permeated by, the actual world. It is the world seen through a different medium and consequently possessing an actuality of its own apart from the existence of the hero or his whims. It is reality seen with the eyes, not of the senses, but of the spirit. It is the world of poetry.

This fundamental difference between Tieck and Hoffmann-the former's continual swinging from real life to imagination and back again as against the latter's constancy in pursuing his spiritual aim-is well founded in the lives of the two men. Tieck, who never was in a position to be more than a spectator of life, must of necessity have had moments of longing for an active participation in the realities of existence; while Hoffmann, who was daily chained to his jurist's desk, never longed for anything but the detachment of imaginative artistry. Tieck tired of the

endless Sundays which Hoffmann enjoyed with the contentment of a week-day worker. Tieck's mind, satiated with self-reflection, began longing for more tangible, for real things; Hoffmann's imagination was rooted in reality, never suffered Tieck's disappointments and grew all the stronger for its earthliness. He is the connecting link between the transcendentalism of romantic poetry and the realism of later generations.

Dr Jost has presented his case with the utmost thoroughness and with a rare literary finish. He never loses himself in a mass of details on one hand, nor in abstract generalities on the other, but has succeeded exceptionally well in delineating Hoffmann at once as a type and an interesting individual, always grounding his literary traits in the poet's own life and character. The book is illuminating on the peculiar mentality of the romantic age to an extent that very few books are, and is not only one of the best contributions to the literature on Hoffmann and the minor German romanticists, but also a help in exploring the depths of such tangent natures as Poe and Dickens.

SCHAFFHAUSEN, SWITZERLAND.

H. LUDEKE.

MINOR NOTICES.

Another volume of the Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought' edited by Mr G. G. Coulton has now seen the light. This is The Pastons and their England by Mr H. S. Bennett (Cambridge, University Press, 1922, 15s.). In these studies on an age of transition' Mr Bennett has very happily systematised in seventeen chapters the information given by the Paston Letters concerning every-day life in fifteenth-century England, and has drawn further illustrations from many other sources. The result is a very readable and useful book, for the general accuracy of which the name of the General Editor is sufficient warrant. A specially useful Appendix gives the present home and designation of each of the Paston Letters, the only ones not examined being those still preserved at Orford Park, Suffolk. The seeming misprints in the book are few and far between-and the style is plain and businesslike. But why is the author so fond of the unpleasant modernism 'Once the ceremony was over,' etc.? Supplementary to the book is a list of corrections to Miss Deanesly's Lollard Bible, the first volume of the series, which has already been noticed in this Review.

G. C. M. S.

We are indebted to the Clarendon Press and to Mr C. H. Wilkinson, Fellow and Librarian of Worcester College, for a reprint of W. Goddard's epigrams, 'A Neaste of Waspes latelie found out and discovered in the Law-countreys: At Dort. Printed in the Low-countreyes. 1615' (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 18s.), from the copy in the Worcester College Library. Only one other copy of the book is recorded. The author shows a pride

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in his profession of soldier, but he is a very coarse-minded fellow with little gift for writing. However every poetical venture of the period has interest. Two wrong numbers and some turned letters have been corrected otherwise it is claimed that this reprint is an exact reproduction of its original. A few misprints are pointed out in the Notes: the list might perhaps have been extended, e.g. ' Couser' (4, 2) = Courser, 'oue' (14, 14) our, 'buy' (18, 6) by, 'The' (25, 6) = They, 'plaie' (28, 2) praie, 'pry' (37, 2; 38, 3) = pray, 'thriste' (riming with curste') (37, 3) = thirste, il' (41, 4) = it, oxe' (50, 11)= foxe, Streakes' (81, 4) Skreakes, 'wans' (90, 1) = mans, &c. Both hath...' (riming with 'wrath') (14, 21) shows that Goddard wrote what Mr Dover Wilson calls. 'compositor's grammar'; the rime benefio-buy ho' (18, 3, 4) that in spite of his residence in the Low Countries he had a good English pronunciation of Latin.

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G. C. M. S.

M. Sainéan's well-known series of historical studies on the argot of former times is fittingly completed by his comprehensive volume, Le Langage parisien au XIXe siècle (Paris: Boccard, 1921, xvi +590 pp.). It is a monumental labour of love for the country of his adoption. The words, the turns of phrase, the peculiarities of syntax and pronunciation which distinguish Parisian speech in the second half of the nineteenth century are here laboriously collected and carefully discussed. The index forms a useful and indeed indispensable repertory, for it is the common experience that much of the stock-in-trade of contemporary French novelists or journalists is not to be found in Littré or Bescherelle. M. Sainéan casts his net where the strangely conservative French lexicographers have scorned to fish, and his researches into the jargon of the poilu alone bring a large haul. But his work is neither exhaustive nor definitive. It is indeed difficult to say what is 'Parisian' and what is not, while with the present French dictionaries it is only too easy to assume that 'modern vulgarisms' are really modern. Thus 'tout plein,' which M. Sainéan traces back to the sixteenth century, occurs in Joinville (§ 227: il courut sur tout plein de Sarrazins `), and 'les Angliches,' whom he thinks to be so designated only in recent years, figure, to our knowledge, in an ancient fragment which we attributed, in Romania, and nem. con., to Jehan de Prunay—and no doubt other readers could provide pedigrees for many of his other modernisms.' The remedy is the publication of a French Dictionary on the generous scale of Murray, and including non-literary words. Until then M. Sainéan's work will do excellent pioneer service.

R. L. G. R.