five torpedo tubes. She has an 8-inch armour belt amidships, and a 4-inch belt at the ends. The estimated total cost of the vessel is £1,800,000.

The light cruisers afterwards named the Melbourne and Sydney were ordered by the DEAKIN-COOK Ministry in 1909 to be built in Great Britain. The keel of the Sydney was laid on the 11th February 1911, and that of the Melbourne on the 4th April 1911. Both these cruisers arrived in Australian waters in 1913.

The third cruiser, named Brisbane, was built at the Commonwealth dockyard in Sydney. Pending the completion of the Brisbane the Admiralty lent to the Commonwealth, from the Royal Navy, the cruiser Encounter for service in the Australian navy. In March 1913, the Admiralty presented to the Commonwealth the cruiser Pioneer for service in the Australian navy.

Admiral Henderson's Visit.

In the year 1910 the Fisher Government sent an invitation to Admiral Sir REGINALD HENDERSON to visit Australia and advise upon naval matters generally. His report submitted in 1911, after an inspection of the various Australian capitals the coast line and ports of the Continent, recommended the provision of fifty-two vessels and 15,000 men; expenditure on construction, works, etc., £40,000,000, with an ultimate annual naval vote of £4,794,000. Six naval bases, and eleven sub-bases, were recommended. The fifty-two vessels would consist of eight armoured cruisers, ten protected cruisers, eighteen destroyers, twelve submarines, three depot ships, one fleet repair ship and the construction would extend over twenty-two years. The annual cost of personnel would be £601,000 in 1913-14, and would increase to £2,226,000 in 1933-34. Annual cost of maintenance of ships in commission would be £262,000 in 1913-14, rising to £1,226,000 in 1933-34. Annual expenditure on construction and maintenance of ships would increase from £2,349,000 in 1913-14 to £4,824,000 in 1932-33. The strength of the fleet would be twenty-three ships in 1918, forty-eight ships in 1928, and fifty-two ships in 1933. In the earlier years portion of the crews would be obtained from Great Britain, but this would cease in the period 1923-28.

Australia's Share in Sea Power.

The Secretary of the Navy, Mr. MACANDIE, has, at the request of the author, kindly prepared for inclusion in this work, the two

following tables: one showing ships comprising the Royal Australian Navy at the outbreak of the Great War in Ausust 1914, and the other showing the ships of the Royal Australian Navy commissigned since the commencement of hostilities. All of these vessels have shared in the naval defence of Australia and several of them have co-operated in actual fighting with the Grand Fleet of the Empire.

LIST OF SHIPS OF THE ROYAL AUSTRALIAN NAVY AT THE
OUTBREAK OF WAR.

* Lent from Royal Navy for war service.

+ Lent to Royal Navy since date of commissioning for service in North Sea.

Hired for war service.

A complete record of the history and establishment as well as the achievements of the Royal Australian Navy during the war would fill a large and interesting volume. In the following summary of its performances each paragraph gives a flashlight view of stirring work done by the Navy which would make thrilling passages in such a history.

(1) Capture of Samoa,

(2) Capture of German New Guinea,

(3) Destruction of Emden by H.M.S. Sydney.

(4) Convoy duty with Australian troops,

(5) Protection of Australian trade routes,

(6) Service on China Station based on Singapore, countering enemy plots,

(7) Service in West Indies, patrolling off New York (light cruisers Melbourne and Sydney),

(8) Service in Mediterranean combating submarine menace (destroyers Yarra, Warrego, Parramatta, Torrens, Huon and Swan),

(9) Service at Dardanelles where submarine AE2 was lost,

(10) Service in the North Sea with the Grand Fleet (H.M.A.S. Australia, Melbourne and Sydney).

The Cost of Sea Power.

The capital expenditure involved in the construction and establishment of the Royal Australian Navy, including the estimate for the year 1918-19 amounts to £5,868,000.

The estimated cost of manning, maintaining and working the Australian Fleet during the whole period of the war, is £23,000,000 sterling, that is, of course, additional to the capital expenditure.

The foregoing facts and figures demonstrate in bold relief the soundness of the policy which promoted the establishment of an Australian Navy, and this realized the prediction of the writer in The Times on the eve of Australian Federation, that a new British power was about to appear in the Pacific Ocean.

446 OCEAN LIGHTS AND ASTRONOMICAL. [Sec. 51 (VII.) (VIII.).

51. (VII.) Lighthouses, lightships, beacons and buoys.

LEGISLATION.

LIGHTHOUSES (FISHER-HUGHES) ACT 1911.

The Commonwealth Government is empowered to make an agreement with any State or person for the acquisition by the Commonwealth of any light-house or marine mark, and to erect light-houses and marine marks within the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth.'

It contains the necessary provisions for the protection of Commonwealth lights and marks, for removing misleading lights or marks, and for imposing light dues which are to supersede the light dues previously imposed by the States.

51. (VIII.) Astronomical and meteorological observations:

LEGISLATION.

METEOROLOGY (DEAKIN-GROOM) ACT 1906.

The Governor-General is empowered to establish meteorological observatories, and to appoint a Commonwealth Meteorologist, who may, under the direction of the Minister, be charged with the taking and recording of meteorological observations; the forecasting of weather; the issue of storm-warnings; the display of weather and flood signals; the display of frost and cold-wave signals; the distribution of meteorological information; and such other duties as are prescribed by regulation to give effect to the Act.

The Governor-General may enter into an arrangement with the Governor of any State in respect of the transfer to the Commonwealth of any observatory; the taking and recording of meteorological observations by State officers; the inter-change of meteorological information between the Commonwealth and State authorities; and incidental matters.

The Governor-General may also enter into arrangements with the Governments of other countries for the interchange of meteorological information and incidental matters.

51. (Ix.) Quarantine57;

§ 57. [ QUARANTINE.]

LEGISLATION.

THE QUARANTINE (DEAKIN) ACT 1908.

THE QUARANTINE (FISHER) ACT 1912.

THE QUARANTINE (HUGHES) ACT 1915.

THE QUARANTINE (CONSOLIDATED) ACT 1908-15.

Scope of Quarantine.

The Consolidated Act opens with a definition of quarantine, which is declared to mean measures for the inspection, exclusion, detention, observation, segregation, isolation, protection, treatment, sanitary regulation and disinfection of vessels, persons, goods, things, animals, or plants, and having as their object the prevention of the introduction or spread of disease or pests affecting man, animals or plants.

A definition is then given of the following expressions, namely: "Disease" in relation to animals means glanders, farcy pleuropneumonia contagiosa, foot and mouth disease, rinderpest, anthrax, Texas or tick fever, hog cholera, swine plague, mange, scab, surra, dourine, rabies, tuberculosis, actinomycosis, variola ovina, or any disease declared by the Governor-General by proclamation to be a disease affecting animals:

66

'Disease in relation to plants means any disease or pest declared by the Governor-General by proclamation to be a disease affecting plants:

66

Quarantinable disease" means small-pox, plague, cholera, yellow fever, typhus fever, or leprosy, or any disease declared by the Governor-General, by proclamation, to be a quarantinable disease.

Administration.

The Act then proceeds to make provision for an administration of quarantine laws and regulations. There is to be a Director of Quarantine who shall, under the Minister, be charged with the execution of this Act and the regulations thereunder.