The Law of Nations: Or, Principles of the Law of Nature, Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns. From the French of Monsieur de Vattel

¾ÕÇ¥Áö
G. G. and J. Robinson, 1797 - 500ÆäÀÌÁö

µµ¼­ º»¹®¿¡¼­

¼±ÅÃµÈ ÆäÀÌÁö

¸ñÂ÷

Sect page
xli
Sca page 320 Ninth rule 274
xli
How fhe is obliged to reftore it 238
xlvii
Set page 279 Equivocal expreffions 250
xlvii
Sect page
xlvii
Of the Rights of Nations in War and firft of what we have
xlvii
Sea page 320 Ninth rule 274
xlviii
CHAP XVIII
l
Sect page
lvii
General rule reſpecting that law ibid 27 Pofitive law of nations
lxvi
Particular limitation with refpect to the prince 141
18
Minifters
23
Whether elective kings be real fovereigns
24
Renunciations
25
The order of fucceffion ought commonly to be obſerved
26
General maxim refpecting the uſe of the neceffary and the voluntary law ibid
28
Duty of a prince who is empowered to nominate his fuc
32
Eſtabliſhment of money
45
Duty of the nation or prince with refpect to the coin ibid 107 Their rights in that respect
46
How one nation may injure another in the article of coin
47
Inftruction ibid 112 Education of youth
48
Arts and ſciences ibid 114 Freedom of philofophical difcuffion
49
Love of virtue and abhorrence of vice to be excited
51
origin of the right of fuc ceffion ibid
58
Other origin of that right ibid
59
unless the approve or ratify them 162
75
Duty of the aggreffors fovereign 163
77
CHAP XIII
77
Another cafe in which the nation is guilty of the crimes
78
Right of pardoning
83
Utility of domeſtic trade ibid
84
Riches ibid
90
Sect page
91
Duty of the nation How true glory is acquired ibid
92
CHAP XVIII
98
The nation may hence diſcover the intention of her rulers
116
The nation or public perfon bound to perfect her under standing and will 52
117
Offences
142
Whether a governor of a town can be puniſhed with death
143
Confuls ibid
147
Of the Dignity and Equality of Nations of Titlesand other
149
Mutual refpect due by fovereigns to each other
153
It produces the right of refiftance ibid
155
miffionaries ibid
159
Obligation of all nations to cultivate and obferve justice
161
the citizens
164
So What is comprehended in the domain of a nation 165
165
A confequence of that principle ibid 83 Connection of the domain of the nation with the fovereignty ib 84 Jurifdiction
166
Effects of the jurifdiction in foreign countries ibid 86 Defert and uncultivated places
167
Duty of the nation in that reſpect
168
Right of poffeffing things that have no owner ibid 89 Rights granted to another nation ibid 90 Not allowable to expel a nation from the country fhe i...
169
The limits of territories ought to be carefully afcertained ibid 93 Violation of territory ibid 94 Prohibition to enter the territory
170
A country poffeffed by feveral nations at the fame time ibid 96 A country poffeffed by a private perfon ibid 97 Independent families in a country ib...
171
Entering the territory
172
Foreigners are fubject to the laws ibid 102 and punishable according to the laws ibid 103 Who is the judge of their difputes
173
Sec page 109 nor over his property
174
Who are the heirs of a foreigner
175
Will of a foreigner ibid 112 Efcheatage
176
The right of traite feraine
177
What are the rights of which men cannot be deprived
178
Right retained by each nation over the property of others ib 119 Right of neceffity ibid 120 Right of procuring provifions by force
179
Right of making uſe of things belonging to others ibid 122 Right of carrying off women ibid 123 Right of paffage
180
and of procuring neceffaries ibid 125 Right of dwelling in a foreign country ibid 126 Things of which the ufe is inexhauſtible
181
and of procuring neceffaries ibid 125 Right of dwelling in a foreign country ibid 126 Things of which the ufe is inexhauſtible
181
Right of innocent ufe ibid
181
Nature of that right in general
182
How a Nation is to ufe her Right of Domain in order to diſcharge her Duties towards other Nations with respect to the Innocent Ufe of Things 131 Ge...
183
The nation ought not to increaſe her power by unlawful
184
Paffage of merchandiſe ibid 135 Refidence in the country ibid 136 How we are to act towards foreigners who defire a perpe tual refidence
185
CHAP XV
229
Treaties facred between nations ibid 220 The faith of treaties is facred ibid 221 He who violates his treaties violates the law of nations ibid 222 Right ...
230
This abufe authorifed by princes
231
Ufe of an oath in treaties It does not conftitute the obligation
232
It does not change the nature of obligations ibid 227 It gives no preeminence to one treaty above another ibid 228 It cannot give force to a treaty tha...
233
Precaution to be taken in wording treaties ibid 232 Subterfuges in treaties
234
CHAP XVI
235
It gives the guarantee no right to interfere unafked in the execution of a treaty 236
236
Nature of the obligation it impofes ibid 238 The guaranty cannot impair the rights of a third party ibid 259 Duration of the guaranty
237
Treaties with furety ibid
240
Pawns fecurities and mortgages ibid
241
A nations right over what he holds as a pledge ibid
242
in his engagements
243
CHAP XVII
244
Second general maximif he who could and ought to have explained himself has not done it it is to his own detri ment
245
Fifth general maximthe interpretation ought to be made according to certain rules
246
rules
247
General rule of interpretation ibid 271 The terms are to be explained conformably to common uſage
248
Interpretation of ancient treaties ibid 273 Quibbles on words
249
A rule on that fubject ibid
274
Mental refervations ibid 275 Interpretation of technical terms ibid
275
Interpretation of technical terms ibid
276
327 Compromife ibid 328 Mediation ibid 329 Arbitration
277
Terms whofe fignification adinits of degrees 250
278
cafes ibid 332 Effential rights and thofe of lefs importance
279
How we acquire a right of recurring to force in a doubt ful cafe
280
and even without attempting other meaſures ibid 335 Voluntary law of nations on that fubject ibid 336 Equitable conditions to be offerred
281
Poffeffors right in doubtful cafes
282
arms
283
Retortion ibid 342 Reprifals ibid 343 What is required to render them lawful
284
Upon what effects reprifals are made ibid 345 The ſtate is bound to compenfate thoſe who ſuffer by re prifals
285
Of the Enemy and of Things belonging to the Enemy
321
two of the parties in an alliance coming
327
The fovereign alone can order reprisals ibid
346
Reprifals againſt a nation for actions of her ſubjects and ibid in favour of the injured fubjects
347
but not in favour of foreigners ibid
348
Thoſe who have given caufe for reprifals are bound to in demnify thofe who fuffer by them 286
349
What may be deemed a refufal to do justice 287 ibi©ö
350
Subjects arrefted by way of repriſals
351
Women children the aged and fick ibid
352
Our right against thoſe who oppoſe reprisals 288
353
How we ought to confine ourſelves to reprisals or
354
The ftate is bound to procure their releaſe ibid
358
CHAP IX
364
Contributions
366
What treaties are to be obferved between enemies
372
Spies
375
Great guilt of the fovereign who undertakes it ibid
379
Difficulty of repairing the injury he has done ibid
380
Why they are bound to admit the voluntary law of nations
382
Of Acquifitions by War and particularly of Conquefts Sect page 193 War a mode of acquifition
384
Meaſure of the right it gives ibid 195 Rules of the voluntary law of nations
385
Acquifition of movable property ibid 197 Acquifition of immovablesor conqueft
386
How to transfer them validly
387
Conditions on which a conquered town is acquired ibid 200 Lands of private perfons
388
Conqueft of the whole ſtate ibid 202 To whom the conqueft belongs
391
Of the Right of Poftliminium 204 Definition of the right of poftliminium 392
392
Foundation of that right ibid 206 How it takes effect
393
Whether it takes effect among the allies ibid 208 Of no validity in neutral nations ibid 209 What things are recoverable by that right
394
Of thoſe who cannot return by the right of poftliminium ib 211 They enjoy that right when retaken ibid 212 Whether that right extends to their prop...
395
Whether a nation that has been entirely ſubdued can enjoy the right of poftliminium
396
Right of poftliminium for what is reſtored at the peace
397
and for things ceded to the enemy ibid 216 The right of poftliminium does not exiſt after a peace ibid 217 Why always in force for prifoners ibid 21...
398
Of the Right of private Perfons in War 223 Subjects cannot commit hoftilities without the fovereigns order
399
Volunteers
401
A truce is either partial or general ibid
406
for inſtance continuing the works of a ſiege or repairing
410
Protection due to foreigners ibid 105 Their duties ibic 106 To what burthens they are fubject 174
430

±âŸ ÃâÆǺ» - ¸ðµÎ º¸±â

ÀÚÁÖ ³ª¿À´Â ´Ü¾î ¹× ±¸¹®

Àαâ Àο뱸

131 ÆäÀÌÁö - All commerce is entirely prohibited with a besieged town. If I lay siege to a place, or only form the blockade. I have a right to hinder any one from entering, and to treat as an enemy whoever attempts to enter the place, or carry any thing to the besieged, without my leave.
19 ÆäÀÌÁö - All mankind have an equal right to things that have not yet fallen into the possession of any one, and those things belong to the person who first takes possession of them. When, therefore, a nation finds a country uninhabited and without an owner, it may lawfully take possession of it, and after it has sufficiently made known its will in this respect, it cannot...
20 ÆäÀÌÁö - In effect, when navigators have met with desert countries in which those of other nations had, in their transient visits, erected some monument to show their having taken possession of them, they have paid as little regard to that empty ceremony as to the regulation of the popes, who divided a great part of the world between the crowns of Castile and Portugal.
123 ÆäÀÌÁö - ... to the calamities of war, when he has it in his power to maintain them in the enjoyment of an honourable and falutary peace. And if to this imprudence, this want of love for his people, he moreover adds...
104 ÆäÀÌÁö - The voice of equity and the general rule of contracts require that the conditions between the parties should be equal. We are not to presume, without very strong reasons, that one of the Contracting Parties intended to favour the other to his own prejudice ; but there is no danger in extending what is for the common advantage. If, therefore, it happens that the Contracting Parties have not made known their...
66 ÆäÀÌÁö - CHAP. vii. certam persons or for certain particular purposes, according as he may think it advantageous to the state. There is nothing in all this that does not flow from the rights of domain and sovereignty : every one is obliged to pay respect to the prohibition ; and whoever dares to violate it, incurs the penalty decreed to render it effectual. But the prohibition ought to be known, as well as the penalty annexed to disobedience : those who are ignorant of it, ought to be informed of it when...
xxv ÆäÀÌÁö - It is not allowable to interpret what has no need of interpretation, and when the words have a definite and precise meaning, to go elsewhere in search of conjecture in order to restrict or extend the meaning.
51 ÆäÀÌÁö - Further, one country is fitter for some kind of products than another; as, for instance, fitter for the vine than for tillage, If trade and barter take place, every nation, on the certainty of procuring what it wants, will employ its land and its industry in the most advantageous manner; and mankind in general prove gainers by it.
69 ÆäÀÌÁö - ... liberty of living in the country without respecting the laws. If he violates them he is punishable as a disturber of the public peace, and guilty of a crime against the society in which he lives; but he is not obliged to submit, like the subjects, to all the commands of the sovereign ; and if such things are required of him as he is unwilling to perform he may quit the country."— Vattel.
68 ÆäÀÌÁö - Even in the countries where every stranger freely enters, the sovereign is supposed to allow him access only upon this tacit condition, that he be subject to the laws ; I mean the general laws made to maintain good order, and which have no relation to the title of citizen, or of subject of the state.

µµ¼­ ¹®ÇåÁ¤º¸