It will then be evident that at each change of tide I knew exactly where the overfall was to be found, while taking the depths; and thus prepared it only remained to get the least, and exact vertical depth over the summit of the overfall, at the intervals determined upon, and which were every half hour, With the north-east stream running I dropped the lead from the other gig about the point H, and exactly in the stream, which I knew would drift her at the proper distance of six feet from the moored boat; the lead was constantly lifted off the ground, so that the line was perfectly straight and perpendicular; and the undulations of the ground carefully observed until the lead passed over the summit of the overfall where the depths were strictly noticed and recorded in the accompanying Table. The boat on this stream was allowed to drift to the point I, and terminated at H, using the same observances and precautions until 5h. 30m. P.M. of the 25th, when the appearance of the weather required my removing.

It will be seen that the observations recorded on the afternoon of the 24th, are not so regular as those of the following day. I attribute this to some degree of uncertainty on account of a long swell, perhaps of one and a half or two feet rise, interrupting the observation at the moment of passing over the overfall, but this little swell had nearly subsided on the 25th, and the depths were then recorded with much satisfaction. It will also be noticed that the turn of the stream about noon of the latter day, the depth had increased to eighteen fathoms ten feet, and went on uniformly so, but I investigated the cause of this on the spot, and found that the wind having increased to 2 from W.b.S., and therefore operating upon the starboard bow of the boat, had sidled her a few feet to the south-eastward, so as to bring the eighteen fathoms three feet under her; and that by observing the same distance from the boat while drifting past her, (and which was always on her larboard side,) I obtained eighteen fathoms four feet instead of eighteen fathoms three feet.

From the care and pains taken in these observations, and that under favorable circumstances, I do not entertain a doubt of the correctness of any one of the depths over the summit of the overfall as recorded on 25th, but as this interesting result of observations on an unexpected theory may no doubt give rise to a strong desire for further observations as corroboratives, I shall not fail to make such when I find myself in a position and circumstances to do so with any prospect of success. It is a difficult observation, and can be made but seldom. In the meantime I would offer my congratulations to Mr. Whewell on these results, should they prove in any degree gratifying to him.

WILLIAM HEWETT, Captain.

August 25t. -Same Station, age 27.6.

August 24th, 1840.-Lat. 52o 27 30, Lon. 3° 14' 30" E) age 26.6.

EXCURSION TO THE LAKE OF NICARAGUA UP THE RIVER SAN JUAN.By Mr. George Lawrance, Assistant-Surveyor of H.M.S. Thunder, Com. E. Barnett, in March, 1840.

(Continued from p. 43.)

Monday 16th. The morning broke serene and beautiful, disclosing all the objects on the lake sufficiently clear for our purpose. The beach is chiefly composed of finely triturated basalt, micaceous, and impregnated with spiculæ of iron, as shewn by the magnet. The beach extends right and left to a great distance has no wharfs or jetties, although very shallow, and exposed to much surf. Here we saw hundreds of women employed in washing and bleaching clothes from daylight till dark. Our instruments and mode of observing excited their curiosity to such a degree that we were rather incommoded by their crowding round us as if they were inclined to mob us for magicians, or something worse. The spot of our astronomical observations was one hundred fathoms south of the old semi-circular fort.

I gave the Ramas a dollar each, with permission to take a stroll through the town of Grenada, all dressed in their new frocks and trowsers, (made on board,) with which they seemed to be highly delighted. Leaving the chronometers in charge of Demeritt, with a strict injunction not to allow them to be touched, nor to suffer the canoe to be moved, Mr. Scott and I were on our way to Mr. Baily's, when we met the Padrone, who informed us that the second magistrate or Alcalde had detained the Indians, and would not allow them to walk about the town, expressing a wish also to see me. Accompanied by Mr. Bailey who kindly profferred to interpret for me, I was conducted to the town-hall, where I found this functionary with his coadjutors, seated in all the plenitude of authority, but certainly without the most remote semblance of what I expected. He requested to know the object of our visit to Grenada, and complained with an air of offended dignity that I had not informed him, nor any of the public officers of my arrival; to which I responded in suitable terms, but finding that all my endeavours to explain the matter were unavailing, I requested him to send to the Gefè Politico for the letter which I brought from San Juan, and then he would see who and what I was. After much hesitation and apparent suspicion that I was not what I seemed to be, he at length consented to have it produced, and to my very great surprise and amusement, I found that this great character at the head of the table before whom I was arraigned like a criminal, could not read his own language, but handed the letter over to one of the others, who after much bother of spelling, &c., managed to make it out, but not to their satisfaction. The Ramas were liberated, but I was requested not to leave the town until this momentous affair had been further deliberated upon.

I ought here to remark that the central Americans and new Grenadians have long apprehended an irruption of the Musquito Indians, to whom these Ramas are in some way connected, and knowing that our government have recognized the former as a nation, they, the authorities in Grenada, might very probably suspect that our visit to this unfrequented

place had some sinister view, as among other questions they appeared anxious to know whether or not I was a military officer.

An hour had scarcely elapsed after the above ridiculous scene when I was again summoned before this august tribunal, and requested to deliver up my observations, to which not unreasonable demand, I replied that “although I had them not about my person they were extremely welcome to a copy of them." After a deal of delay, without further insisting upon my papers, they consented to my departure, and to prevent a repetition of another interruption, I requested to be provided with a passport to Nicaragua, which they declined, saying "It was not necessary;" and neither did I afterwards find any occasion for one. Before they would, however, allow me to leave this inquisitorial court, in which they could elicit nothing to alarm their apprehensions, they made a demand upon my purse for four dollars, being, as they said, 66 a debt owing to some one by our Padrone;" which I agreed to pay on condition that they would give a receipt to Mr. B. Such petty annoyances as this, are, I am told, every day occurrences: instead of assisting and forwarding the views of merchants, and other foreign visitors, on their arrival in this town, they throw every impediment in their way, and sometimes practice shameful extortions.

On our return to the beach we found our gallant Ramas all dead drunk, stretched around the canoe as if they were so many corpses. Like all other Indians who have had intercourse with Europeans, and above all, I am ashamed to say, with our own countrymen and selves, they have acquired a fondness for ardent spirits, to which they make the most deplorable sacrifices of life, limb, and property.

The town or city of Grenada is situated about half a mile from the Lake, and about one hundred feet above its level; the only conspicuous objects on approaching from the eastward are the cupolas of the two principal churches, viz. the parochial and the Guadeloupe, which with the town-hall and barracks, situated in the plaza or square, are the chief buildings in Grenada: the houses, with one exception, are all of one story, built in the old Spanish style, and so arranged that the streets run at right angles to each other; the latter are roughly paved, but not much trodden, so few people are to be seen moving about, and there is such an apparent absence of shops and stores that the stranger would be led to conclude that the place was almost deserted, and trade completely at a stand still. But I am told that a considerable business is carried on in a clandestine manner, owing to the existing anarchical state of the country where there is little or no security for property, the traders who are generally foreigners, finding it politic to make as little display as possible, in order to elude the exactions of a rapacious government.

The population of Grenada is estimated at 9,000, of whom only 300 can call themselves the legitimate descendants of the old Spaniards, and they are not entirely white; all the rest are a spurious progeny, called in the language of the country Ladinos or Mestizos, of whom it is said as of all the inhabitants of the state of Nicaragua, that they are grossly ignorant and depraved, even the most enlightened of them are quite apathetic to everything connected with their civil polity, the principles of which they neither understand nor respect.. Central ENLARGED SERIES.-NO. 3.-VOL. FOR 1841.

2 B

America as one republic, can hardly now be said to have any virtual existence, as the federal states have all revolted from each other, and are struggling for an independence which must eventually terminate in their total annihilation. In the present disorganized state of things, it were vain to look for order or regularity in any department of the government, and therefore, any statistical information I might have attempted to glean respecting its finance, commerce, &c., could not be obtained, or at least relied upon for its authenticity.

The exports from Grenada chiefly consisting of indigo, hides, and Brazil wood, are conveyed in bongos down the Rio San Juan to the settlement of that name, where they are deposited in warehouses or transhipped as often as opportunities offer to Jamaica, New York, snd other places. At present a Genoese vessel is waiting at San Juan for a cargo of indigo. Coffee, cacao, sugar, maize, sesamum, &c. are cultivated in the vicinity of this town, but not in sufficient surplus quantity to constitute articles of commerce, although in days of Spanish dominion they were all exported.

The nearest mines are in the district of Segovia, distant about forty leagues from Grenada. Of their operations I had no time or opportu nity to learn any particulars. The regular troops are I am told few, and badly equipped,-the militia more numerous, but as many may be supposed still worse appointed, continually employed skirmishing about the country in this endless war of independence. They are seldom quartered for any length of time in one place; at present there is not a soldier to be seen in the town of Grenada, and all its military defences (if it ever had any,) are completely abandoned and gone to decay. The old semicircular battery on the landing place might as well be called by any other name, for it does not contain a single piece of ordnance of any description.

Of the ecclesiastical establishment, I know nothing more than that there are five Catholic churches in this town, formerly in the care of Franciscan Friars, but now under the pastoral care of rudely educated colored men, who for want of a bishop of their own, are ordained by some episcopal authority in Carthagena. There was once a bishopric, but now there is not one in the whole republic. All the lands belonging to the convents prior to the revolution, are at present in the possession of the government, and distributed as the government thinks proper. The only existing nunnery is at Guatemala. Realejo is the only good harbour on this side of the isthmus, capable I am told of admitting vessels of considerable size and numbers, and might in the event of a better communication with San Juan, and a more peaceable state of this distracted country, become a place of great commercial importance, but its distance from Grenada being about fifty leagues, is a serious objection. The nearest part of the Pacific Ocean to Grenada is a small bay called Laceres, where there is neither anchorage nor settlement, one day's journey across the country.

Leou, the capital of the state of Nicaragua, is distant from Grenada about forty leagues, and four leagues from the shore of Lake Managua, inhabited chiefly, if not altogether by colored people, who bear a notoriously bad character. This lake is about sixteen leagues long, thirty-five in circumference, from twelve to fifteen in width; in depth