thousand insurgents had assembled without any attempt to attack them being made by the Russians. Most of the scholars of the preparatory school for the university had gone over to the insurgents, and the school was entirely closed. Recruiting for the insurgents was carried on openly in the city, and oftentimes people were found in the brandy-shops reading aloud the proclamation by the Dictator Langiewicz, and summoning their hearers, who were mostly working people of all classes, to join the cause of the country, and to proceed to the forests. Generally these recruiting agents found willing hearers, and the people would assemble at a given place, when the oath would be administered to them, and then they would leave Warsaw in a body. These facts, which look incredible, are vouched for by trustworthy authorities.

THE WITHDRAWAL OF LANGIEWICZ.

But the glorious career of Langiewicz was soon to receive a check, though even now it cannot be said to have been brought to a close.

On the 17th of March, near Zagose, and on the 18th, near Grochowice, the Russians were defeated and repulsed. On both these occasions they had to deal with part only of the Polish force. But fresh columns of Russian warriors were pouring in from the west (Dzialosyce), the north (Pinczow), and the east (Stobnica), surrounding and hemming in the Polish force on all sides. Worn out with six days' incessant marching, and knocked up by two days' continuous fight, the Poles had not even a sufficiency of provisions to refresh and strengthen their exhausted frames. For these reasons, the Dictator, when passing the night at Welce, with the victorious detachment that had worsted the Russians at Grochowice, held a council of war, about one o'clock in the morning, at which the following proposals were laid before the asserabled generals. It was indispensable, he said, to return to the system of guerilla warfare, which, owing to the rapid increase of his forces, had been partly abandoned of late. He had therefore determined to divide his corps into two larger detach ments, and a number of smaller ones. These would have to carry on hostilities on the former principle in accordance with the directions given them. Another and equally cogent cause for this change of tactics consisted in the difficulty of victualling a large force without the conveniences of standing depôts. The proposi tions being successively adopted by the council, the Dictator proceeded to appoint the commanders of the several detachments. With regard to himself, he intended to repair to another part of the country, with a view to a uniform direction and more systematic arrangement on the same principle of the war. A want of expe rienced leaders having been sorely felt in many provinces, he also ordered a number of superior officers to accompany him on his way, and assume the command of revolutionary bands in other quarters of the kingdom. To secure success, the plan was to be kept secret; and it was only at the moment of carrying it into execution that the following order of the day was communicated to the men :

"Gallant and faithful companions in arms!-In the course of my dictatorial functions the necessity has arisen for me to settle a large number of important questions, both in the civil and military departments of State. I am also obliged to inspect the numerous detachments carrying on the war in other parts of the country, and to direct action in accordance with a uniform and well-matured principle.

"I thus find it incumbent upon me to leave your ranks for a short time-your ranks with which I have been connected ever since the first rise of insurrection, and through so many labours, troubles, and fights.

"But I have thought that, after the brilliant victories of the last few days, I shall be at liberty to absent myself for a few days.

"For this purpose I showed a bold front to the Muscovite near Sosnowka, challenged him near Miechow, repulsed him near Chrobrze, and put him to flight in the sanguinary encounter of Grochowice.

"In leaving you, I regret it has become impossible for me to bid you farewell; but to secure my success my intention is to remain a secret for a little while. For this reason I am not at liberty to inform you of the direction I take and the place I have in view. I have collected around me some superior officers, to be placed at the head of other detachments, as yet in want of qualified leaders. An escort of thirty uhlans will accompany us a little distance, and return to the camp as soon as their services can be dispensed with. I have divided the force into two different corps, appointing a commander to each of them, and prescribing their manoeuvres, and the road they are to pursue.

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Companions in arms! Before God, and in front of the Polish army, I have taken the oath to fight to the last breath. This oath, as I have hitherto kept, I shall keep in future; and you have sworn to serve the country under my command. Your oath, too, will be kept sacred by you.

"In the name, then, of God and country, you will continue fighting against the Muscovite, while fighting remains necessary to restore the liberty and independence of Poland. "MARYAN LANGIEWICZ."

(Signed)

At the same council of war, Brigadier Smiechowski was appointed leader of one detachment, the other being entrusted to the command of Colonel Czachowski. Both received implicit instructions as to the direction of their march, and the operations to be entered upon. Colonel Rochebrune, who had but lately distinguished himself at Zagose and Grochowwice, was appointed brigadier, and entrusted with a special charge. Special commissions were also set apart for Generals Jezioranski and Waligorski. General Czapski had already left the camp on the night of the 19th.

The events which followed are thus described by one who was near the scene of action:-It was the plan of the astute general to steal his way to the Lysagora hills, the theatre of his former successes, and manoeuvring in the rugged ground between Kielce and the Vistula, await the fortunes of war, and the progress of rebellion in the north. The direct road, which leads over Stobnica and Staszow, being barricaded by the enemy, Langiewicz was obliged to turn to the north, and make for Pinczow, a place about 20 miles to the south of Kielce. I hardly know whether his misfortune ought to be attributed to this latter move, the number and position of the enemy making escape impossible, whatever device might have been adopted under the difficult and harassing circumstances. Suffice it to say, that, suffering from scarcity of provisions, he found it indispensable to march on the left side of the Nida, and collect a sufficiency of provender in the fertile districts of the plain. A day more and he would have ensconced himself in the hills offering a friendly retreat to the north as well as the east. But his embarrassed situation no longer gave the unfortunate general these precious twenty-hour hours. No sooner had he arrived in the plain than every inch of ground was contested by the Russians. On the very day of his departure from Chrobrze he fought and defeated them near Zagosc. The

day after, like true dragon seed, the conquered enemy presented himself again in the front, the forces he had given the slip the morn before coming up from the rear, and other bodies making their unwelcome appearance on either flank. But while air lasted him he managed to breathe. Before his fresh enemies could engage the rear he flung the van on the foe of the day before. Once again he enjoyed the supreme happiness of meeting the Russian sword in hand. Once again he withstood the hostile attack, and drove the enemy from the field. At the place of the second encounter, is mentioned the village of Grochowice, situate near Busk, on the road to Pinczow. But it was only with the most reckless sacrifice of life and future safety, that this last success could be wrung from the hands of the Czar. At the head of his scythemen he had to brave the Russian fire to purchase a few hours' respite from his impending fate. His rifles soon spent their ammunition, and his artillery proving of little use, all he could rely upon was the personal valour of his troops, the energy of their patriotism, and the dangers threatening every man of them in case of defeat. He had not been mistaken in his calculations. By the ardour and fearlessness of his followers he repulsed the second attack as the first, and took seventy prisoners, with considerable stores, treasure and ammunition. While the fight lasted, and the whole available force was engaged, the Cossacks, falling upon the rear, plundered the baggage, and cut down the men in charge.

Things had, however, reached a pass, where the general could be no longer deluded by the appearance of victory. That very night, Langiewicz dividing his 8,000 men into four separate corps, bade them try to retreat in four different direc tions. The bearing of this order was but too fully realised by the men. One of the corps, or more probably a promiscuous group of fugitives, recruited from all of them, immediately ran away, and, traversing the short distance which separated them from Austrian ground, threw itself upon the mercy of the Kaiser. The remainder of the force encamped at Wislica, six miles from the Austrian frontier, and seems to have followed the example of their companions or else dispersed.

The following items, obtained from other sources, supply a few additional facts. It appears that Langiewicz crossed the Galician frontier near Opatowice. At Uscie Langiewicz was met by M. Bassler, an Austrian commissary, who quartered him in the house of a Galician nobleman, where he passed the night. In the morning of the 20th March he was sent in a carriage, with an escort of four Hussars, to Tarnow. From that town he and Mademoiselle Pustowaydora (the daughter of a Russian officer of rank), were sent by rail to Cracow, where they were shut up in the citadel. This "aide-de-camp" of the ex-Dictator, a pretty girl of about 22 years of age, wears the Polish costume with an Hungarian pellisse attached to her shoulders. When Langiewicz crossed the frontier, he was in possession of a passport, which had been issued by the Swedish consul at Paris. This document belongs to Waligorski, who lent it to Langiewicz.

THE LADY AIDE-DE-CAMP OF THE DICTATOR.

THE young lady "aide-de-camp" of Langiewicz was not well treated by the Cracovian police. Instead of being confined in a fortress or kept in a decent hotel, she was shut up in some small station-house in Cracow. A Pole who visited her

before she had exchanged her military costume for female apparel, thus describes the interview :

"The police officer went to the next room to announce us. He returned in a few moments, and by the motion of his hand towards the door, we saw that we were admitted. At our entrance, a short, thin figure rose to salute us. She still wore the national Polish costume in which she had fought at the side of the Dictator, and which imparted a particular charm to her interesting appearance. Her black hair, though cut short, surrounded her pretty face on both sides in profase curls. A short Polish coat, a military cap surrounded by cords, and richly adorned with fur, formed her headdress, and she also wore boots turned over at the top, and reaching to the knee, grey trowsers, and a red shirt confined to her slender waist by a band. If it were possible to doubt whether this masculine costume was indeed worn by a maidenly form, the elegance and amiability with which she requested us to be seated, and the womanly voice, completely removed all misapprehensions. The apartment in which she was, contained only a cupboard, a table (bearing various kinds of refreshments), two stools, and the other necessary articles of furniture, and was not devoid of comfort, but it was situated so low that Miss Henriette Pustowaydora, who smoked her paper cigarette all day long, and who was continually obliged to allow her window (which looked on the street) to be open, or at least for a great portion of the day, on account of the mild weather, was exposed to the curiosity or sympathy of the crowd. On Sunday, and on the next day, hundreds of ladies and gentlemen passed before the window, but they were prevented from looking into the room in some measure by a few blooming plants, which some friendly hands had placed there, and which formed a strong contrast to the rusty iron bars by which the window was made secure. The conversation turned upon politics, and was then carried on in French, because the police attendant was present; but she spoke of other matters in German, but with a pointed In the course of the visit, which did not last more than ten minutes, we had an opportunity to observe her youthful countenance more closely. In her pale features the unmistakeable stamp of much past fatigue was visible. The cheeks had become thin, and only the black fiery eyes retained their former brilliance, but as soon as the name of Langiewicz was mentioned, they seemed to be animated with redoubled ardour. A high forehead, a small pointed nose, and a fine ovally-formed chin, only contributed to increase the charm of her appearance, even in her original costume. We showed her a photographic portrait of herself, which we had bought at a shop after a long search, and which was perhaps the only one in Cracow. She regarded it mournfully, for it represented her in the bloom of her health, perhaps a year previously, and she said, with an accent of melancholy which well became her, "Ce n'est plus moi." Thereupon she returned it to us, and remarking a portrait of Langiewicz in the same envelope, she exclaimed with enthusiasm, "Ah! c'es mon général." She then began to speak of him, enthusiasm causing her to utter her words quicker, and she complained of the uncertainty of her fate and his. As we prepared to depart, she asked for our cards, and as a token of remembrance, but without being requested, she wrote her name in full with pencil on a sheet of paper, saying in a halflaughing manner, and partly turning to the police officer, that visiting cards were not the fashion in such a saloon. She dismissed us with a hearty shake of the hand. By accident, as we left the building, the general stood at an open window of his room in the castle, enjoying the fresh air. He was immediately recognised, as he still wore his blue uniform, and repeatedly bowed, in acknowledgment of lively marks of sympathy. As he perceived us he leaned out of the window, and by motions of his hand and head returned our salutes. As well as we could see at the distance, he also seemed very pale, but was visibly pleased at the marks of sympathy shown for him."

accent.

THE PROGRESS OF THE INSURRECTION.

The withdrawal of Langiewicz did not, however, put a stop to the insurrection, as many supposed it would. The Dictatorship laid down by the patriot Langiewicz was offered to and and accepted by Mieroslawski.

The following account of the present position of the insurrectionary bands is given by an officer in the Polish national army :

"Not far from the Silesian frontier, to the south of Czenstochau, is the band of Cieszkowski, the indefatigable destroyer of bridges and railways. A little further to the north, between Czenstochau and Kalisch, Öxinski, the victor at Opatoweck, has a band under his command. Further on towards Konin, and on the Wartha, the corps of Mielenchi and of Taczanowski have daily combats with the Russians. Those corps are not badly organised, and there are among them many men belonging to the Prussian landweir of the Duchy of Posen. Turning to the right, in the direction of Kutno, are the bands of Lakinski. In the Government of Plock General Padlewski commands; he extends his excursions beyond the Narew, and in the Palatinate of Augustowo. Under his orders is Colonel Fritsche, of the sithemen. The most important bands in Lithuania are commanded by Rylski and Raczinski, and, according to a Polish letter from Warsaw, two brothers named Rykow were collecting detachments of insurgents in Polish Livonia, and would give the Russians much trouble. The neighbourhood of Warsaw has been for some time past disquieted by bands of insurgents under Czartkowski, who has again made his appearance at Milosna (although, according to the Russian bulletius, he had been annihilated by General Toll), also under Jankowski, Sokol, and Zawesky, whose corps by turns disturb the towns more or less distant from the capital, and continue to escape the Russian columns sent out in pursuit of them. In the government of Lublin, Colonel Lewandowski by the aid of the peasants surprised the Russians at Slavin and defeated them. In this band is Colonel Zakrowski, who commands the cavalry. In the same government Martin Lelewel is at the head of a band of insurgents, and other small detachments operate in different parts of the same country, while Czechowski has been beaten by the Russians and driven back into Galicia. In the government of Radom a number of small corps have been formed whose chiefs, not yet known, intend to profit by the lessons of experience, and carry on only a guerilla warfare, avoiding any great combat with the Russians. The corps of Milenski has more Prussian than Russian Poles in it, and it will in a short time have a Prussian Pole as its chief. Most of them are persons of distinction, rich and influential, and who have not joined the insurgents until after mature reflection. They do not want for arms."

LANGIEWICZ ON PAROLE.

From Cracow Langiewicz was taken to Tischnowitz in Moravia, where he will be stationed. A particular dwelling is assigned to him, and he will be able to go about unmolested, having giving his word of honour not to proceed beyond a certain distance. "It is a happy circumstance," says a French writer, "for the ex-Dictator that he has fallen into the power of Austria and not into that of Prussia. According to the latest explanations of Count Eulenbourg, he would, in the latter case, have been handed over to Russia." When the Cracow train stopped at Oderberg Langiewicz was received with loud acclamations by a great crowd of people, and during the journey from Oderberg to Lundenburg his fellow-travellers frequently raised a cry of "Vivat Langiewicz !" At the last mentioned station a vast number of persons were assembled, and when the Polish patriot went to the coffee-room to get some refreshment the struggles to enter after him were so violent that the