An appropriation to enable the Secretary of State to have the Great Seal of the United States recut was made by the deficiency appropriation acts for the fiscal years 1902 and 1903, act of July 1, 1902 (32 Stat. 552), and act of Mar. 3, 1903 (32 Stat. 1032). 2781. Secretary of State to keep and affix the seal.-The Secretary of State shall keep such seal, and shall make out and record, and shall affix the same to, all civil commissions for officers of the United States, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, or by the President alone. But the seal shall not be affixed to any commission before the same has been signed by the President of the United States, nor to any other instrument, without the special warrant of the President therefor. R. S. 1794. The commissions of military officers now bear the seal of the War Department, act of Mar. 28, 1896 (29 Stat. 75), ante, 2259. 2782. Fraudulent use of the seal of an executive department.-Whoever shall fraudulently or wrongfully affix or impress the seal of any executive department, or of any bureau, commission, or office of the United States, to or upon any certificate, instrument, commission, document, or paper of any description; or whoever, with knowledge of its fraudulent character, shall with wrongful or fraudulent intent use, buy, procure, sell, or transfer to another any such certificate, instrument, commission, document, or paper, to which or upon which said seal has been so fraudulently affixed or impressed, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. Sec. 1. title X. act of June 15, 1917 (40 Stat. 227). 2783. Counterfeiting or altering seals.-Whoever shall falsely make, forge, counterfeit, mutilate, or alter, or cause or procure to be made, forged, counterfeited, mutilated, or altered, or shall willingly assist in falsely making, forging, counterfeiting, mutilating, or altering the seal of any executive department, or any bureau, commission, or office of the United States, or whoever shall knowingly use, affix, or impress any such fraudulently made, forged, counterfeited, mutilated, or altered seal to or upon any certificate, instrument, commission, document, or paper, of any description, or whoever with wrongful or fraudulent intent shall have possession of any such falsely made, forged, counterfeited, mutilated, or altered seal, knowing the same to have been so falsely made, forged, counterfeited, mutilated, or altered, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both. Sec. 2, title X, act of June 15, 1917 (40 Stat. 228). 2784. Forging or altering passes.-Whoever shall falsely make, forge, counterfeit, alter, or tamper with any naval, military, or official pass or permit, issued by or under the authority of the United States, or with wrongful or fraudulent intent shall use or have in his possession any such pass or permit, or shall personate or falsely represent himself to be or not to be a person to whom such pass or permit has been duly issued, or shall willfully allow any other person to have or use any such pass or permit, issued for his use alone, shall be fined not more than $2,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. Sec. 3, title X, act of June 15, 1917 (40 Stat. 228). 146345°-21-VOL 2- -25 1309 Coercion of an election official, 2791. Civil rights protected, 2793. Peonage prevented, 2794. Protection of national parks: Yellowstone National Park, 2795. Rights of a discoverer protected, 2797. Military forces employed, 2798. Arrest of Indians, 2800. Live stock of restricted Indians, 2801. Sale, 2802. Intoxicants prohibited In Indian country, 2803. For Indians, 2804. Furnished by soldiers, 2805. Wines for sacramental purposes, 2806, Search for concealed liquors, 2807. Removal of persons from Indian country, 2810. Unauthorized settlers, 2811. Philippine Islands, 2818. Insurrection against the Federal Govern ment: Suppression by armed forces, 2819. Suspension of commercial intercourse: Part of State in insurrection, 2823. Persons affected, 2824. Licenses to trade, 2825. Trading without license, 2826. Vessels detained, 2827. Armed forces employed, 2828. Confiscation of property Seizure, 2829. Condemned in court, 2830. Proceedings of condemnation, 2831. Vessels, forfeited, 2832. Liens upon condemned vessels, 2833. Declaration of war: By Congress, 2834. With Germany, 2835. With Austria-Hungary, 2836. 2785. Raising armies.-The Congress shall have Power * To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; tion of the United States. Notes of Decisions. Raising and supporting armies-In general. A State law imposing a tax on passengers held void, as interfering with the power of the Federal Government to declare and prosecute war, and as a necessary incldent to raise and transport troops through and over territory of any State. Crandall v. Nevada (1867), 6 Wall. 35, 44, 18 L. Ed. 745. Among the powers assigned to the National Government is the power "to raise * Art. I, scc. 8, Constitu and support armies," and the power "to provide for the Government and regulation of the land and naval forces." The execution of these powers falls within the line of its duties; and its control over the subject is plenary and exclusive. It can determine, without question from any State authority, how the armies shall be raised, whether by voluntary enlistment or forced draft, the age at which the soldier shall be received, and the period for which he shall be taken, the compensation he shall be allowed, and the service to which he shall be assigned. Tarble's Case (1871), 13 Wall. (U. S.) 397, 408, 20 L. Ed. 597. The act providing for the reduction of the Army by mustering out certain officers, act of July 15, 1870 (16 Stat. 314), was an exercise of the power "to raise and support armies." Street v. U. S. (1889), 24 Ct. Cl. 230; affirmed, Street v. U. S. (1890), 133 U. S. 307, 10 Sup. Ct. 309, 33 L. Ed. 631. This clause does not confer on Congress the power to designate by law a person to fill a military office, since this would be in direct conflict with the power of appointment given the President by Const. art. 2, sec. 2. (1884), 18 Op. Atty. Gen. 18, 26. The power to raise and support armies is plenary, and without limitation or restriction. (1909), 27 Op. Atty. Gen. 260. The power of Congress to provide for the trial and punishment of military and naval offenses, under the above and other provisions of Article 1, section 8, of the Constitution, is independent of the judicial power defined in Article 3 of the Constitution. U. S. v. McDonald (D. C. 1920), 265 Fed. 754. Conscription.-The Constitution of the United States authorizes Congress to raise armies, and also to call forth and organize the militia of the several States. Under this twofold power, both regular national armies and occasional militia forces from the several States may be raised, either by conscription or in other modes. McCall's Case (D. C. 1863), Fed. Cas. No. 8,669. Under the grant of power to raise and support armies and call out the militia, Congress has power to make and authorize such orders and regulations as may be nec essary to prevent those who are liable by law to military service from evading that duty, such as an order to prevent them from leaving the country and State, to avoid an impending draft. Allen v. Colby (1867), 47 N. H. 544. Enlistment of minors.-This clause gives Congress power to enlist minors in the Army without the consent of their parents. U. S. v. Bainbridge (C. C. 1816), Fed. Cas. No. 14,497. Under this clause Congress may provide for the enlistment of minors, with or without the consent of their parents, and may give such effect and conclusiveness to the contract of enlistment as it may deem best. In re Davison (C. C. 1884), 21 Fed. 618. The United States has a right to prescribe the rules and conditions under which voluntary or compulsory services are to be rendered by citizens, and the period at which persons reach their majority and become sul juris with respect to the ordinary affairs of life can not abridge this power of the General Government. (1896), 21 Op. Atty. Gen. 327. See also 2168, 2169, ante. State courts. In view of the constitutional grant of power to Congress "to raise and support armies" and to provide for the Government and regulation of the land and naval forces," a State judge has no jurisdiction to issue a writ of habeas corpus, or to continue proceedings under the writ when issued, for the discharge of a person held under the authority, or claim or color of authority, of the United States, by an officer of that Government. Tarble's Case (1871), 13 Wall. (N. S.) 397, 408, 20 L. Ed, 597. 2786. Calling forth the Militia.-The Congress shall have Power * To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the Laws of the Union, to suppress Insurrections and repel invasions; tion of the United States. * * Art I, sec. 8, Constitu For draft of the National Guard into Federal Service, see 2549, ante. Notes of Decisions. Power of Congress in general.-Act of May 2, 1792, act of May 8, 1792, act of Jan. 3, 1795, act of Feb. 28, 1795, and act of Apr. 18, 1814, providing for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the United States, suppress insurrections, and repel invasion, and for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, amount to a full execution of the powers conferred on Congress by the constitution. Houston v. Moore (1820), 5 Wheat. 1, 12, 5 L. Ed. 19. Congress is not deprived of its power under this clause when the necessity for its exercise is called out by civil war. Tyler v. Defrees (1870), 11 Wall. 331, 345, 20 L. Ed. 161. Under the twofold power to raise armies and call forth the militia, both regular national armies, and occasional militia forces from the several States, may be raised, either by conscription or in other modes. McCall's Case (D. C. 1863), Fed. Cas. No. 8,669. The provision of the Military Code that the commander in chief shall have power to disband companies of the National Guard whenever, in his judgment, the efficacy of the State force will be thereby Increased, is not in conflict with power of Congress to call forth the militia, and provide for their government while in the service of the United States. People v. Hill (1891), 13 N. Y. Supp. 186; judg ment affirmed (1891), 126 N. Y. 497, 27 N. E. 789. The power of commanding the service of the militia in times of insurrection and invasion is a natural incident to the duties of superintending the common defense, and of watching over the internal peace of the country, and was wisely vested in Congress by the framers of the Constitution. Griner (1863), 16 Wis. 423. In re State laws.Sec. 21, act of Pa. Mar. 28, 1814, prescribing punishment for militiamen neglecting or refusing to serve in response to call to Federal service, held valid. Houston v. Moore (1820), 5 Wheat. 1, 5 L. Ed. 19. Under this and the following clause, the only instance where governmental powers may be exercised by the United States is when the militia shall be employed in the service of the United States. At all other times the whole government of the militia is within the province of the State, and therefore any legislation which the State may adopt relating to the government of the militia in no wise contracts powers conferred upon Congress, as long as it does not infringe upon the method of organization. People v. Hill (1891), 59 Hun, 624, 13 N. Y. Supp. 637; judgment affirmed (1891), 126 N. Y. 497, 27 N. E. 789. Courts-martial, organized under the authority of a State, have not power, it seems, to assess fines on delinquent militiamen for not obeying a requisition from the Secretary of War to enter the service. Meade v. Deputy Marshal C. 1815), Fed. Cas. No. 9,372. (C. Calling and service of militia.-The President alone is made the judge of the necessity of calling the militia into the service of the United States, and he acts upon his responsibility under the Constitution. Martin v. Mott (1827), 25 U. S. (12 Wheat. 19), 6 L. Ed. 537; Vanderheyden v. Young (N. Y. 1814), 11 Johns. 150. See also Luther v. Borden (1849), 7 How. 1, 12 L. Ed. 581; In re Brockman (Sup. Ct. D. C., 1917), 45 Wash. L. R. 133; (1856) 8 Op. Atty. Gen. 8. The Constitution, which enumerates the exclusive purposes for which the militia may be called into the service of the United States, affords no warrant for the use of the militia by the General Govern. ment, except to suppress insurrection, repel invasions, or to execute the Jaws of the Union, and hence the President has no authority to call forth the Organized Militia of the States and send it into a foreign country with the Regular Army as a part of an army of occupation. (1912) 29 Op. Atty. Gen. 322. The power of the President under the Federal Constitution to call the whole militia of any part of the Union into service in case of invasion may be exercised by his delegate, i. e., a general commanding in chief in a particular district; and all citizens subject to militia duty may thereby be placed under military law, but this is the extent of martial law, and all beyond is usurpation. Johnson v. Duncan (La. 1815), 3 Mart. (0. S.) 530, 6 Am. Dec. 675. The commanders in chief of the militia of the several States have a right to determine whether any of the exigencies contemplated by the Constitution of the United States exist, so as to require them to place the militia, or any part of it, in the service of the United States, at the request of the President, to be commanded by him, pursu ant to acts of Congress. In re Opinion of the Judges (1812), 8 Mass. 549. Under this clause the raising of militia by draft under order of the President and the punishment of delinquents refusing or neglecting to serve are matters of Federal cognizance. Matter of Spangler (1863), 11 Mich. 298. Act of Feb. 28, 1795 (R. S. 1642), passed by virtue of this clause gave the President authority in case of invasion or danger of it to call forth the militia, which thereafter were subject to the same rules as the United States troops, and provided a penalty for failure of the militia to obey the President's orders. Held, thereunder, that on the President's calling on the State executives for militia pursuant to the express provisions of act of Apr. 18, 1812, whatever orders were given by the governor respecting the militia called for were given in pursuance of the President's call, and their breach was a breach of the President's orders. Commonwealth v. Irish (Pa. 1815), 3 Serg. & R. 177, note. The authority under this clause to call forth the militia includes the power to punish delinquent militiamen who fall or refuse to respond. Duffield v. Smith (1818), 3 Serg. & R. (Pa.) 590, 593. See, also, Mills v. Martin (N. Y. 1821), 19 Johns. 7, as to amenability of militiamen to laws of United States in times of peace and when not in the service or pay of the United States. Suppressing insurrection. The authority of the United States to suppress the rebellion is found in the power to suppress |