fically points out a noun-indefinite, it expresses its subject in an indefinite or general manner, and belongs to the noun “man,” according to RULE 19. Adjective pronouns belong to nouns, expressed or understood. Others is a compound pronoun, including both an adjective pronoun and a noun, and is equivalent, to other men. Other is an adjective pronoun, it is used specifically to describe its noun-indefinite, it expresses its subject in an indefinite manner, and belongs to men: Rule 19. (Repeat the rule.) Men is a noun, a name denoting persons-common, &c. (parse it in full ;) and in the objective case, it is the object of the action expressed by the transitive verb "instructs," and gov. by it: Rule 20 Active-transitive verbs, &c. "Those books are mine." Those is an adjective pronoun, it specifies what noun is referred to-demonstrative, it precisely points out the subject to which it relates-and agrees with the noun "books" in the plural number, according to NOTE 1, under Rule 19. Adjective pronouns must agree in number with their nouns. it Mine is a compound personal pronoun, including both the possessor and the thing possessed, and is equivalent to my books. My is a pron. a word used instead of a noun-personal, it stands for the name of the person speaking-first person, denotes the speaker-sing. number, it implies but one-and in the poss. case, it denotes possession, and is gov. by "books,” according to Rule 12. (Repeat the Rule, and decline the pronoun.) Books is a noun, the name of a thing-common, &c. (parse it in full ;)—and in the nominative case after “are,” according to RULE 21. The verb to be admits the same case afler it as before it. EXERCISES IN PARSING. Each individual fills a space in creation. Every man helps a little. These men rank among the great ones of the world. That book belongs to the tutor, this belongs to me. Some men labour, others labour not; the former increase in wealth, the latter decrease. The boy wounded the old bird, and stole the young ones. None performs his duty too well. None of those poor wretches complain of their miserable lot. NOTE. In parsing the distributive pronominal adjectives, NOTE 2, under Rule 19, should be applied. III. OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS. RELATIVE PRONOUNS are such as relate, in general, to some word or phrase going before, which is called the antecedent. They are who, which, and that. The word antecedent, comes from the two Latin words, ante, before, and cedo, to go. Hence you perceive, that antecedent means going before; thus, "The man is happy who lives virtuously; This is the lady who relieved my wants; Thou who lovest wisdom, &c. We who speak from experience," &c. The relative who, in these sentences, relates to the several words, man, lady, thou, and we, which words, you observe, come before the relative: they are, therefore, properly called antecedents. The relative is not varied on account of gender, person, or number, like a personal pronoun. When we use a personal pronoun, in speaking of a man, we say he, and of a woman, she; in speaking of one person or thing, we use a singular pronoun, of more than one, a plural, and so on; but there is no such variation of the relative. Who, in the first of the preceding examples, relates to an antecedent of the mas. gend. third pers. sing.; in the second, the antecedent is of the fem. gend.; in the third, it is of the second pers.; and in the fourth, it is of the first pers. plur. num.; and, yet, the relative is in the same form in each example. Hence you perceive, that the reative has no peculiar form to denote its gend. pers. and numb. but it always agrees with its antecedent in sense. Thus, when I say, The man who writes, who is masculine gend. and sing. ; but when I say, The ladies who write, who is feminine, and plural. In order to ascertain the gend. pers. and numb. of the relative, you must always look at its antecedent. WHO, WHICH, and THAT. Who is applied to persons, which to things and brutes; as," He is a friend who is faithful in adversity; The bird which sung so sweetly, is flown; This is the tree which produces no fruit." It is That is often used as a relative, to prevent the too frequent repetition of who and which. applied both to persons and things; as, “He that acts wisely, deserves praise; Modesty is a quality that highly adorns a woman." NOTES. 1. Who should never be applied to animals. The following application of it is erroneous:-" He is like a beast of prey, who destroys without pity." It snould be, that destroys, &c. 10 2. Who should not be applied to children. It is incorrect to say, "The child whom we have just seen," &c. It should be, "The child that we have just seen." 3. Which may be applied to persons when we wish to distinguish one person of two, or a particular person among a number of others; as, "Which of the two? Which of them is he?" 4. That, in preference to who or which, is applied to persons when they are qualified by an adjective in the superlative degree, or by the pronominal adjective same; as, "Charles XII., king of Sweden, was one of the greatest madmen that the world ever saw;-He is the same man that we saw before." 5. That is employed after the interrogative who, in cases like the following; "Who that has any sense of religion, would have argued thus?" When the word ever or soever is annexed to a relative pronoun, the combination is called a compound pronoun; as, whoever or whosoever, which ever or whichsoever, whatever or whatsoever. DECLENSION OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. Which and that are indeclinable, except that whose is sometimes used as the possessive case of which; as, "Is there any other doctrine whose followers are punished;" that is, the followers of which are punished. The use of this license has obtained among our best writers; but the construction is not to be recommended, for it is a departure from a plain principle of grammar, namely, who, whose, whom, in their applications, should be confined to rational beings. That may be used as a pronoun, an adjective, and a conjunction, depending on the office which it performs in the sentence. That is a relative only when it can be changed to who or which without destroying the sense; as, "They that (who) reprove us, may be our best friends; From every thing that (which) you see, derive instruction." That is a demonstrative adjective, when it belongs to, or points out, some particular noun, either express ed or implied; as, "Return that book; That belongs to me; Give me that." When that is neither a relative nor an adjective pronoun, it is a conjunction; as, "Take care that every day be well employed." The word that, in this last sentence, can not be changed to who or which without destroying the sense, therefore you know it is not a relative pronoun; neither does it point out any particular noun, for which reason you know it is not an adjective pronoun; but it connects the sentence, therefore it is a conjunction. If you pay particular attention to this elucidation of the word. that, you will find no difficulty in parsing it. When it is a relative or an adjective pronoun, it may be known by the signs given; and whenever these signs will not apply to it, you know it is a conjunction. Some writers are apt to make too free a use of this word. I will give you one example of affronted that, which may serve as a caution. The tutor said, in speaking of the word that, that that that that that lady parsed, was not the that that that gentleman requested her to analyze. This sentence, though rendered inelegant by a bad choice of words, is strictly grammatical. The first that is a noun; the second, a conjunction; the third, an adjective pronoun; the fourth, a noun; the fifth, a relative pronoun; the sixth, an adjective pronoun; the seventh, a noun; the eighth, a relative pronoun; the ninth, an adjective pronoun. The meaning of the sentence will be more obvious, if rendered thus; The tutor said, in speaking of the word that, that that that which that lady parsed, was not the that which that gentleman requested her to analyze. WHAT. What is generally a compound relative, including both the antecedent and the relative, and is equivalent to that which; as, "This is what I wanted;" that is, that which, or, the thing which I wanted. What is compounded of which that. These words have been contracted and made to coalesce, a part of the orthography of both being still retained: what-wh[ich-th]at; (which-that.) Anciently it appeared in the varying forms, tha qua, qua tha, qu'tha, quthat, quhat, hwat, and finally what. What may be used as three kinds of a pronoun, and as an interjection. When it is equivalent to that which, the thing which, or those things which, it is a compound relative, because it includes both the antecedent and the relative; as, "I will try what (that which) can be found in female delicacy; What you recollect with most pleasure, are the virtuous actions of your past life;" that is, those things which you recollect, &c. When what is a compound relative, you must always parse it as two words; that is, you must parse the antecedent part as a noun, and give it a case; the relative part you may analyze like any other relative, giving it a case likewise. In the first of the preceding examples, that, the antecedent part of what, is in the obj. case, governed by the verb "will try;" which, the relative part, is in the nom. case to "can be found." "I have heard what (i. e. that which, or the thing which) has been alleged." Whoever and whosoever are also compound relatives, and should be parsed like the compound what; as, "Whoever takes that oath, is bound to enforce the laws." In this sentence whoever is equivalent to he who, or, the man who; thus, "He who takes that oath, is bound," &c. Who, which, and what, when used in asking questions, are called interrogative pronouns, or relatives of the interrogative kind; as, "Who is he? Which is the person? What are you doing?" Interrogative pronouns have no antecedent; but they relate to the word or phrase which is the answer to the question, for their subsequent ; as, "Whom did you see? The preceptor. What have you done? Nothing." Antecedent and subsequent aro opposed to each other in signification. Antecedent means preceding, or going before; and subsequent means following. or coming after. What, when used as an interrogative, is never compound. What, which, and that, when joined to nouns, are specifying adjectives, or adjective pronouns, in which situation they have no case, but are parsed like adjective pronouns of the demonstrative or indefinite kind; as, "Unto which promise our twelve tribes hope to come;" "What inisery the vicious endure! What havock hast thou made, foul monster, sin!" What and which, when joined to nouns in asking questions. are denominated interrogative pronominal adjectives; as, "What man is that? Which road did he take?" What, whatever, and whatsoever, which, whichever, and which soever, in constructions like the following, are compound pronouns, but not compound relatives; as, "In what character Butler was admitted, is unknown; Give him what name you choose; Nature's care largely endows whatever happy man will deign to use her treasures; Let him take which course, or, whichever course he will." These sentences may be rendered thus; "That character, or, the character in which Butler was admitted, is unknown; Give him that name, or, the name which you choose; Nature's care endows that happy man who will deign, &c.; Let him take that course, or the course which he will." A compound relative necessarily includes both an antecedent and a relative. These compounds, you will notice, do not include antecedents, the first part of each word being the article the, or the adjective pronoun, that; therefore they can not properly be denominated compound relatives.-With regard to the word ever annexed to these pronouns, it is a singular fact, |