had been deceived by the king, but as he could not conveniently abandon the voyage at that stage, Urdaneta consented to guide the fleet to the Philippines by the most expeditious route.

"The religious in the fleet were very sorry at this, giving out that they had been deceived; and had they known while yet ashore that such a route was to be pursued, that they would not have accompanied the expedition." But "they expressed their willingness to make the expedition now for the service of God, the Holy Catholic faith, and the increase of the kingdom and the general good of the fleet.”15

Legaspi was instructed to avoid the Moluccas, and as soon as the fleet reached the Philippines to send Urdaneta to establish a route to Mexico and report to the king. After stopping at Guam and other islands, the fleet reached the island of Cebu on April 27, 1565.16 Here houses and a fort were constructed, and a ship in command of Urdaneta was despatched on the return trip to Mexico.

At Cebu, Legaspi found the people who had destroyed Magellan, and the task of establishing friendly relations with them was difficult. To add to his troubles a Portuguese fleet appeared and served notice that the Spaniards were trespassing on Portuguese territory, but as Portugal had never taken actual possession of the islands, and was now at peace with Spain, no serious attempt, other than such as was involved in a lengthy correspondence, was made to prevent the Spaniards from establishing their colony.17

The missionaries entered enthusiastically upon the work of converting the natives. For eight strenuous centuries, without a year of peace, the people of the Iberian Peninsula had been engaged in a desperate struggle with the Moors. During that period there was developed a virile race which, when its energies were released, created the Spanish monarchy which for generations dominated Europe and the greater part of America. The

15 B. & R., Vol. II, p. 105.

16 Relation of Legaspi, B. & R., II, p. 212.

17 For the negotiations between Legaspi and Pereira, the commander of the Portuguese fleet, see B. & R., II, pp. 245 et seq.

fierceness of the religious war with the Moors burned the Christian faith into the very natures18 of the Spaniards and made them so loyal to the Church that they and the State itself became its slaves and failed to catch steps with the onward marching world. The last battle with the Moors was won at Granada the year Columbus discovered America. The long struggle was over. The Crescent recrossed into Africa never again to appear in Spain. Turning now to the west, Spain half-way around the world discovered new islands, and strange to relate there found herself again facing her old antagonist, the Mohammedans.

As early as 1276 Mohammedan missionaries had reached Malacca, and in 1415 their converts were found in the Spice Islands. The inhabitants of the Sulu group of islands, and of Mindanao, the largest of the southern islands of the Philippine group, had been converted, and many Moros, as they were called, were already in Luzon, far north of Manila, which itself was a Mohammedan city.

A contemporary Augustinian chronicler1 says that "so well rooted was the cancer that had the arrival of the Spaniards been delayed all the people would have become Moors, as are all the islanders who have not come under the government of the Philippines." The sons of the men who fought at Granada may have fought at Manila. Thus within the span of one human life Spain broke the power of Islamism in the peninsula and checked its advance on the other side of the world.

One of the first natives to be baptized was the niece of Tupas,

18 "La catholique Espagne, qui venait d'achever sa longue croisade contre les Maures, dans l'exaltation de l'esprit religieux, avait appris à confondre en un sentiment unique le zéle pour la foi et l'amour de la patrie. Toute conquête pour la couronne devait être aussi une conquête pour la chrétienté. La propagande religieuse fut dès l'origine l'un des mótifs principaux dès éstablissements d'outre-mer. Dans l'esprit mystique de Colomb, dans l'ame picuse d'Isabelle, comme dans les imaginations plus rudes et plus incultes des Cortez et des Pizarre, l'idée de prosélytisme catholique ne cessa de s'allier a l'ambition terrestre. C'a été l'un des principaux mérites de la grande et belle histoire de Prescott de mettre en lumiere l'influence que le sentiment religieux exerça sur la fondation et l'administration des colonies espagnoles en Amerique." Leroy-Beaulieu De La Colonisation, etc., I, p. 3.

19 Grigolva, quoted by Bourne, B. & R., I, Int., p. 34, and citing to the same effect Retana's Zuñiga, II, p. 222, Montero y Videl, Historia de Filipinas, I, p. 60.

the petty ruler of Cebu, and the new convert was soon thereafter married to a Greek who was one of Legaspi's crew. Later Tupas himself was baptized and given the name of Felipe, after his "cousin of Spain," and the prospect for amicable relations between the natives of Cebu and the Spaniards and the extension of the true faith looked very bright indeed.20

But the great island of Luzon had not yet been explored, and Martin de Goite and Juan de Salcedo, the grandson of Legaspi, with a small force of arquebusiers and sailors, sailed for the north. At the mouth of the Pasig River, in the village of "Maynila," on the spot where now stands Fort Santiago, the headquarters of American military power in the Orient, they found the natives strongly entrenched behind breastworks upon which were mounted brass cannon such as the Moros call Lantakos. The defense was brave and vigorous, but the natives were finally routed and the Spaniards took possession of the

town.

Legaspi, being much impressed by Salcedo's account of the location and advantages of the place which he had conquered, organized a government for Cebu and with a considerable force proceeded to Manila.

The Spaniards after capturing the fort at Manila had returned to the island of Panay. When the natives saw another army approaching they set fire to their houses and fled. Without opposition Legaspi took possession of the place, and on June 24, 1572, formally founded and established what Philip later designated as the "Distinguished and ever-loyal city" of Manila in the "New Kingdom of Castilla."21

The land was immediately divided among the religious persons and other Spaniards in order that each person could build a house within the city. The adventurers exercised great tact and much good judgment, and in a short time the local rulers of the neighborhood were won over. The Raja Solimon, who ruled

20 See Legaspi's Relation, B. & R., 11, pp. 140-1.

21 See the document in B. & R., III, p. 250. For an account of the conquest of Luzon, see B. & R., III, p. 141.

in Manila, when approached by Legaspi with a tender of friendship, had replied, "Not until the sun is cut in two, not until I seek the hatred instead of the love of women, will I be the friend of a Spaniard." But he soon saw the light and was baptized, and, like the head of the "royal family" of Cebu, was honored with the patronymic of his new sovereign.

The missionaries began immediately to teach the catechism to the natives, who accepted the new religion passively if not enthusiastically. Great care was taken to avoid antagonizing the people, and the laws and proclamations were carefully framed for that purpose. Thus the Laws of the Indias, in contemplation of such conditions, had provided for the use of the word pacificátion instead of conquesto when referring to the possession or occupancy of such new countries.

Legaspi died in 1572. His figure stands in high relief in the history of the Philippines. He was of noble birth, and after practising as a notary became the mayor of the city of Mexico. His reputation for justice and loyalty secured for him the favor of the king and the command of the expedition which was to establish Spain in the East.22 Legaspi was succeeded by the treasurer, Guido de Lavezares, who ruled for three years.

The youthful Juan de Salcedo, the Cortez of the Philippines, continued the conquest of the country. With but forty-five men he overran and conquered the most of northern Luzon and induced the people to submit to the Spanish rule. In fact, he appears to have taken possession of all the reasonably accessible parts of the island-all that the Spanish ever actually controlled. Salcedo had the honor also of saving the city of Manila from destruction by the Chinese, who in 1574, under the command of the famous Limahong, made a descent upon Manila and came near destroying the Spaniards. This leader of the Chinese corsairs, who out of deference to the customs of the Western world should probably be described as a sea-faring man out of favor with the home government, was a bold and daring adventurer, a

22 J. A. Robertson, Legaspi and Philippine Colonization (1909), also in Rept. Am. Hist. Assn. 1907, I, p. 145.

sort of Celestial Sir Francis Drake, who saw visions of easy wealth, glory and empire in a country which had surrendered with so little effort to a handful of Spaniards.

Limahong organized a formidable force of four thousand men and, accompanied by women and artisans, with supplies of all kinds, crossed the turbulent China Sea with the intention of founding an empire in the Philippines. Fortunately Salcedo, who was then at Vigan, learned of the expedition and hastened southward with his troops. The Chinese force landed where all invaders have landed, near Parañaque, and under the command of a Japanese adventurer, marched upon the city over the exact road through the suburb of Malate which was followed three hundred years later by the American troops. They succeeded in entering the city, but were finally forced to retire. While the Chinese were preparing for another attack, Salcedo arrived with fresh troops and took command. In the second attack the invaders penetrated into the fort and only after a most desperate hand to hand fight were they finally routed and forced to take refuge on their boats.

Of Salcedo it was said that he was "unlucky because fate had placed him where oblivion must needs bury the most valiant deeds that a knight ever wrought."

Limahong now abandoned all hope of taking Manila, but he had no intention of returning to China, where he was very much persona non grata with the authorities. Sailing northward he landed in the province of Pangasiman and established what he intended should be his capital city, near the mouth of the River Agno. There he built a small fort, dwellings for his people, and a pagoda. But the Chinese authorities sent a war-ship after him, and in cooperation with the Spaniards such a formidable force was raised that resistance was impossible.

The wily Celestial sent a part of his soldiers to make a feigned attack on the approaching Spaniards while he, with the main body, passed out through one of the many mouths of the river and sailed away out of Philippine history, leaving the attacking de