sacred literature, he produced in 1818 his "Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures," in consideration of which he was admitted to holy orders without the usual preliminaries. He received the degree of B.D. from the university of Cambridge, and in 1833 was presented to the rectory of St. Edmund the King and St. Nicholas Acons, London, having previously been made a prebendary of St. Paul's. In this office he has found time to produce a great number of theological and bibliographical works. The most important of them is his "Introduction" (10th ed., 4 vols. in 5, London, 1856; also many editions in America), one of the most elaborate and highly esteemed critical works on the Scriptures. Among his other publications are: an "Introduction to the Study of Bibliography" (2 vols., 1814); an edition of the works of Hogarth (2 vols., 1821); "Manual for the Afflicted" (1832; 3d ed. 1842; reprinted in Boston, 1833); "Protestant Memorial" (1835; 10th ed. 1850); "Manual of Biblical Bibliography" (1839), which also formed part of the "Introduction" till the 10th edition of the latter; 66 Mariolatry, or Facts and Evidences demonstrating the Worship of the Virgin Mary by the Church of Rome" (1840; edition by S. F. Jarvis, D.D., Hartford, 1844); "Popery the Enemy and Falsifier of Scripture" (1844); and numerous articles in critical periodicals and in the "Encyclopædia Metropolitana." HORNED FROG, or HORNED TOAD, an igua. nian lizard of the genus phrynosoma (Wiegmann). In its general aspect it somewhat resembles a frog, and in its sluggishness a toad, hence the common names; but it is a true lizard, and in no respect a batrachian. The genus, which comprises about half a dozen species, all North American, is characterized by a more or less circular or oval body, flattened, and covered with tuberculated scales; head short, triangular, with prominent vertex, and sharp spines or rough knobs; the temporal region much developed; neck very short, and with transverse folds underneath; nostrils lateral, near the snout; tympanum visible but depressed; dentated margin on the flanks; no spinal or caudal crest; tail short and conical, with similar spiny scales; legs of nearly equal length and size, with 5 toes on each, moderate, the 2d the longest, and with sharp and curved nails; femoral pores, but no anal present. The species are found in California, Oregon, Mexico, and the S. W. states. For full descriptions of the species by Messrs. Baird and Girard, see Capt. Stansbury's "Expedition to Great Salt Lake," and vol. ii. of the "Mexican Boundary Survey." The best known species is the P. cornutum, about 4 inches long; the general color above is a dusky gray, with black bars and markings; below, silvery white. This species is not unfrequently carried to the north from Texas; in confinement it is sluggish and will rarely take food, but is said to be active in pursuit of its insect prey in the wild state; it is very gentle in its disposition. It passes the winter in a state

of lethargy in holes dug by various rodents, appearing about April and disappearing about October, at which seasons travellers are frequently annoyed by their seeking shelter from the cold night air in the folds of their blankets; their spiny covering makes them not very comfortable bedfellows.-This name has also been given to a true batrachian, a frog of the genus ceratophrys, in which the head is more or less roughened and spiny; it is 3 times as large as the common frog, with an enormous mouth; all the species live in tropical South America, and feed upon small rodents, birds, other frogs, toads, and mollusks.

HORNEMANN, FRIEDRICH KONRAD, a German traveller, born in Hildesheim in 1772, died in Tripoli in 1800. In 1797 he set out from Alexandria for the interior of Africa, but was made a prisoner during his stay at Cairo. Released by the French and provided with passports by Napoleon, he penetrated as far as Fezzan, and was about continuing his journey when he died. The diary of his journey from Cairo to Moorzook was published in London in 1802 in one 4to. volume.

HORNER, FRANCIS, a British statesman and essayist, born in Edinburgh, Aug. 12, 1778, died in Pisa, Feb. 8, 1817. He was educated at the high school and university of Edinburgh, studied for the bar with Henry Brougham, and was one of the originators, with him, of the "Edinburgh Review." His articles are chiefly on subjects connected with politics. His native city affording too limited a field for his ambition, in 1802 he removed to London, entered at Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar in 1807. He became intimate with the leading whigs, was one of the commissioners appointed by the East India company for settling the nabob of Arcot's debts, and in 1806 entered parliament as member for the ministerial borough of St. Ives. He lost his seat in 1807, when parliament was dissolved after a change of ministry, but 3 months afterward obtained a seat as member for Wendover. He spoke little at first, and then only on matters of business; but the ability which he displayed on all questions of political economy soon began to attract general attention. Perhaps his greatest effort was in the debate on the great bullion question in 1810, and it was mainly through his efforts that the unlimited issue of paper money by the bank of England and private banks was stopped. In 1811 he was offered by Lord Grenville a situation as one of the secretaries of the treasury, but declined it. In the general election of 1812 he was not returned to parliament, but the interest of Lord Grenville procured him a seat for the marquis of Buckingham's borough of St. Mawes. He became an acknowledged leader of the whig party in the house, but disagreed with Lord Grenville on the question of war after Napoleon's return from Elba, and consequently tendered the resignation of his seat, which the marquis of Buckingham refused to accept. His last speech was on June 25, 1816, in favor of

the Catholic claims and deprecating the harsh treatment of Ireland; soon after which he made a visit to Italy for the benefit of his health, and died abroad. His private character was no less honorable and upright than his public life, and his premature death was universally lamented. His character is thus summed up by Sydney Smith: "The commandments were written in his face, and I have often told him there was not a crime he might not commit with impunity, as no judge or jury who saw him would ever give the smallest degree of credit to any evidence against him; there was in his look a calm settled love of all that was good and honorable-an air of wisdom and sweetness; you saw at once that he was a great man, whom nature had intended for a leader of human beings; you ranged yourself willingly under his banners, and cheerfully submitted to his sway." Lord Cockburn, in his "Memorials of his Time" (Edinburgh, 1856), says of him: "It was the force of his character that raised him; and this character not impressed upon him by nature, but formed, out of no peculiarly fine elements, by himself. There were many in the house of commons of far greater ability and eloquence, but no one surpassed him in the combination of an adequate portion of these with moral worth." Brougham, Mackintosh, Romilly, Alison, and others equally eminent in literature and in public life, were also his intimate friends, and in their speeches and by the pen have borne similar testimony to his virtues and his greatness. Jeffrey wrote that he had known no instance in which so warm and so honorable a testimony from men of all parties had been borne to the merits of a private individual. His monument by Chantrey was erected in Westminster abbey. His "Memoirs and Correspondence" was edited by his brother Leonard (2 vols., London, 1843; Boston, 1853); in the appendix to which may be found several of his more important speeches in parliament.-LEONARD, younger brother of the preceding, a Scottish author, born in Edinburgh in the latter part of the last century. He was educated in Edinburgh, and at an early age manifested a taste for geological studies. In 1827 he received the appointment of warden of the university of London, in the organization of which he largely participated; and since 1833 he has been one of the principal inspectors under the factories act, in which capacity he has labored with benefit in behalf of the operatives in the large manufacturing towns. He is the author of several pamphlets on social questions, of papers on scientific subjects, and of an address before the geological society of London, of which he was president in 1847. In 1843 he edited the "Memoirs and Correspondence" of his brother Francis (2 vols. 8vo.).

HORNET, a stinging hymenopterous insect, of the family diploptera and tribe of vespiaria or wasps, under which title their family and generic characters will be given. The European hornet (vespa crabro, Linn.) is about an

inch long, larger than the common wasp; the thorax is black in the middle, and brown elsewhere; the abdomen is black with yellow borders, and below yellow with black spots; the upper lip yellow, and the eyes blackish; the body smooth; the wings are longitudinally folded, and the mandibles strong and dentated. The hornets, like the wasps, live in society, in nests containing males, females, and neuters, the last two of which do all the work and are armed with a venomous sting; their societies are republican, several females and their broods living and working harmoniously together. The nest is built in decayed trees, old posts, and in almost any sheltered place in barns and porticoes; it is of a rounded form, made of coarse materials, and of the color of faded leaves; the materials of which the nest is composed are prepared from particles of old wood or bark by their mandibles, reduced to a kind of papier maché or soft pasteboard; with this, after the inside of the nest has been thickly plastered, they make horizontal combs suspended from above by strong columns, the central being the largest; the cells are hexagonal, with the opening downward. A few females, or perhaps a single one, having escaped the rigors of winter, begin to construct a few cells, and lay their eggs in the spring, the first broods being neuters, which when perfect help their mothers in the domestic economy of the nest; the larvæ are footless, each enclosed in a separate cell, where it is fed on insects and honey stolen from bees; when the larva have acquired their full growth, they line the cell with silk, covering the opening, and in this undergo their metamorphosis. The neuters aid in building the other nests, and in feeding the successive broods of larva; as the family increases, new cells and additional platforms are constructed. The young females and young males come forth about the beginning of autumn, and all larvæ which cannot become perfect before cold weather are destroyed by the neuters; the males perform no labor; both sexes meet on the trees in autumn, feeding on saccharine juices, and soon perish from the cold. There are about 150 individuals in a nest. Hornets prey upon other insects, especially flies, upon flesh, and ripe and sweet fruits; they also rob bees of their honey; a hornet's nest suspended in a place infested by flies will soon perceptibly diminish their numbers. If their nest be disturbed, they fiercely attack and sting the intruder, causing a painful and frequently dangerous wound. The wasp called hornet or "yellow jacket" in New England is the V. maculata (Linn.); it is too common to need any description, and its habits are those of the family; it is often seen on trees infested with aphides or plant lice, for the sake of devouring and of carrying to its young the honey dew or sugary excretion of these insects. This species is very fierce if attacked. The nests of some of the South American species, cleared of the platforms of cells, are used as baskets, being light, strong, and very tight. Hornets,

like the other wasps, make no honey. Many large wasps, varied with black and yellow, are called hornets in different parts of the country. HORNPIPE, a wind instrument, once a favorite with the Welsh peasantry, and probably still in use among them, consisting of a wooden pipe with holes at stated distances, and a horn at each end. The tone is pleasing, and somewhat resembles that of the hautboy. For this instrument was composed the lively dance tune known as the hornpipe, a name applied also to the dance which accompanies it. Both the tune and the dance are supposed to be of English invention, and the former is generally in triple time, 6 crotchets in a bar.

HOROLOGY. See CLOCKS AND WATCHES. HORROCKS, or HORROX, JEREMIAH, an English astronomer, born in Toxteth, near Liverpool, about 1619, died Jan. 3, 1641. At Cambridge he paid particular attention to astronomy, and he has described the difficulty he experienced in finding the works of good authors on the subject. After devoting some time to the works of Lansberg, which he afterward regretted, he found the writings of Tycho Brahe and Kepler, and studied them with great attention. He was the first to observe the planet Venus on the disk of the sun. This observation was made Nov. 24, 1639, and his account of it, called Venus in Sole visa, was printed by Hevelius at the end of his Mercurius in Sole visus (Dantzic, 1662). He was also the author of a theory that the lunar motions might be represented by supposing an elliptic orbit, if the eccentricity of the ellipse were made to vary, and an oscillatory motion given to the line of apsides. Newton afterward verified his suppositions, and showed that they were consequences of the law of gravitation. The remaining works of Horrocks were published by Wallis in 1672, with an exposition of his lunar theory by Flamsteed.

HORRY, an E. district of S. Carolina, bordering on the Atlantic and N. Carolina, bounded W. by the Little Pedee, which flows into the Great Pedee on the S. W. border of the district, and drained by the Waccamaw river; area, 1,200 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 7,646, of whom 2,075 were slaves; white pop. in 1859, 5,727. It has a low marshy surface, and is partly covered with large forests of pine. The soil is generally poor. The productions in 1850 were 127,100 bushels of Indian corn, 137,303 of sweet potatoes, and 484,970 lbs. of rice. There were 50 grist mills, 23 turpentine distilleries, 33 churches, and 488 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Conwayborough.

HORSA. See HENGIST.

HORSE, a well known, simple-hoofed, nonruminating quadruped, constituting the soliped family of Cuvier's order of pachydermata; and, in Prof. Owen's system, the family solidungula, of the order perissodactyla (odd-toed), of the group ungulata (hoofed), and of the mammalian sub-class gyrencephala (wave-brained). Zoologically considered, the family consists of the single genus equus (Linn.), distinguished

from all other quadrupeds by having only one apparent toe and a single solid hoof on each foot, although under the skin on the sides of the metacarpal and metatarsal bones are the rudiments of two others on each limb. The dentition is: 6 sharp and cutting incisors in each jaw; 6 molars on each side of each jaw, with crowns of a quadrangular form, and having the surface intersected by deep plates of enamel arranged in 4 crescentic masses, and with a small additional disk of enamel on the inner border of the upper teeth; there are also, in the males, 2 small upper canines, and sometimes lower ones, usually absent in the females; there is a considerable space between the canines and the molars, opposite the commissure of the lips, which man has availed himself of to introduce the bit, by which this powerful, intelligent, and useful animal is subjugated to his uses; in the young animal there are also deciduous molars. The different species of equus, as the zebras and the asses (mentioned in the article Ass), so resemble each other in outward form and internal economy, that the description of the typical species, the horse, will answer for all, with the exception of a few structural peculiarities; they are so nearly related to each other, that they will breed together, producing more or less fertile hybrids, as is well known in the cases of the horse and ass, and both with the zebras, &c. The skull of the horse is remarkable for the great width between the orbits, its flatness, the length of the face compared with the cranium, and the vertical depth of the lower jaw; the intermaxillaries project considerably beyond the nasal bones, the latter overhanging the cavity of the nostrils; the temporal arch is short, straight, and situated in the posterior third of the skull. The cervical vertebræ are of large size, and the posterior are oblong with short processes, so as to secure great freedom of motion in the neck; the dorsals are 18, with short transverse processes, and very long spinous anteriorly to afford origins for the ligament which supports the head; the lumbar are 6 (but 5 in the ass), broad and firmly joined together, with remarkably well developed processes, especially the transverse; the sacrum is a single bone, made up of 5 consolidated vertebræ, in a continuous line with the rest of the spine, and united to the last lumbar by the very large articulating oblique processes of the latter, securing a springiness in this region in leaping and galloping; the caudals vary from 17 to 21, having the form of vertebræ only in the upper ones. The chest is capacious, compressed laterally in front, and prolonged in advance of the first rib so as somewhat to resemble the thorax of a bird; in the middle and posterior portions it is rounded, and extends far back toward the pelvis; the ribs are 18 pairs, the anterior broad and massive (8 being true), and the posterior more slender. The clavicle is absent, and the coracoid process very rudimentary; the shoulder blades are triangular, with a prominent spine, closely approximated to the

chest, transmitting the weight of this half of the body perpendicularly to the ground; the arm bone is short and strong; the forearm consists almost entirely of the greatly developed radius, the ulna being a mere appendage consolidated in the adult animal to its posterior surface, though its olecranon process is of large size, affording a powerful purchase to the extensor muscles; there are no movements of pronation and supination, but only of hingelike flexion and extension. The carpus or wrist has 7 bones in 2 rows, 4 in the upper and 3 in the lower; the metacarpus consists of a single long bone, the shank or cannon bone, and of 2 smaller supplementary pieces; this long bone represents the middle finger metacarpal of the human hand, and the others the ring and forefinger metacarpals, those of the thumb and little finger being absent. The fore foot is made up of 3 bones representing the 3 phalanges of a middle finger, called respectively the great and little pastern and coffin bones, the latter large and crescentic, supporting the hoof; there are also 3 sesamoid bones implanted in the flexor tendon of the foot. The pelvis is remarkable for the elongation of the ilium and the outward extension of the crest and spine; the thigh bone is massive, and so short that it is entirely concealed under the integuments of the trunk, what is commonly called the thigh being in reality the leg; the leg is formed almost entirely by the tibia, which is very strong at its upper portion, the fibula being a long slender bone among the muscles lost about the lower third of the tibia; the tarsus consists of 6 bones, the astragalus or cockal bone, the os calcis or heel bone, the cuboid, the navicular, and the middle and lesser cuneiform bones, the internal or great cuneiform being absent with the great toe which it supports; the metatarsus and the hind foot are constituted as in the anterior limb, and the bones have received the same names. The muscular system of the horse is very different from that of man, and has been described minutely in treatises on veterinary medicine. The panniculus carnosus, of which the platysma myoides of man is a rudiment, is greatly developed, and very movable, affording support and protection to various organs. The spinal muscles are of great extent and strength, especially in the neck and tail, which admit of much precision and grace of motion; the extensors of the forearm, the gluteus medius (the kicking muscle), and the muscles of the loins, extremities, and neck, are generally very powerful; the muscles of the face, particularly those of the lips and nostrils, are largely developed, giving the well known variety of facial expression in this animal. The molar teeth of the horse may be known from those of other herbivora by the arrangement of the patches of enamel above referred to, and by their great length before they divide into fangs. The incisors are close together in a circle at the end of the jaws, slightly curved, with long simple fangs; the crowns are broad, thick, and short, of an elliptical form before

they are much worn; a fold of enamel penetrates the crown like the inverted finger of a glove, which presents an island of enamel enclosing a cavity partly filled with cement and partly by the food; this is called the "mark," and is useful in determining the age of the animal, disappearing in very old horses, whose teeth get worn below the penetrating fold; according to Owen, it is usually obliterated in the middle incisors of the 2d set at the 6th year, and in the next and outer pairs in the 7th and 8th years respectively in the lower jaw, remaining longer in the upper, and in both its place is indicated for years by the darker color of the cement, even to the age of 16, after which the summits begin to assume a triangular form; the milk incisors are all shed before the age of 5 years. The salivary glands, especially the parotid, are remarkably developed; the stomach is simple and capacious; the intestinal canal is long, but short in comparison with that of the ruminants; but the colon is of enormous capacity, as also is the cæcum, apparently occupying the greater portion of the abdominal cavity; the small intestine is about 56 feet long, with a circumference of from 2 to 6 inches; the cæcum is 2 feet long, and 2 feet in circumference at the widest part; the colon and rectum are 21 feet long, the former averaging 2 feet in circumference; the whole canal, therefore, is about 80 feet long. The liver weighs between 4 and 5 lbs., having no gall bladder, and the spleen 12 ounces; the urinary bladder is small in comparison with the size of the animal, its circumference when moderately distended being about 14 feet; the mammary nipples are 2, inguinal, and have at the base a hollow cavity which permits the accumulation of a considerable quantity of milk, which is often removed by man as an article of diet, especially for invalids. The hoof of the horse presents an admirable adaptation to secure solidity and elasticity in an instrument of progression; the whole exterior horny covering, to which the shoe is attached, composed of modified epidermic structure (see HORN), is a hollow cone truncated above, into which the coffin bone is received; highest in front, it gradually diminishes backward, where it is suddenly turned inward, becoming mixed with the sole, supporting the under parts of the foot, and protecting the sole and the frog from too rough pressure against the ground; this internal wall, called the "bars of the foot," by its sloping direction distributes the weight of the body toward the sides of the hoof, with whose numerous perpendicular horny lamina interdigitate similar processes from the vascular surface of the coffin bone. In the triangular space in the centre of the foot is an elastic horny mass called the frog, its base connecting the posterior curves of the hoof, the sides united with the bar, and the point extending about to the centre of the sole; on the sides are deep channels, to allow of its expansion and render the foot elastic; its actual thickness in horn is not so great

as farriers seem to think, from the freedom with which they use the paring knife; in a well formed foot, the base of the frog ought to occupy a 6th part of the circumference of the circle of the hoof; in the centre of the frog is a 'horny conical cavity of considerable depth, which protects the partially cleft foot from further rupture, adds to the elasticity, secures a firmer hold on loose soils, and passing above into the substance of the sensitive frog serves to unite firmly the two halves of the foot, which are completely divided in ruminants; this horny cone has been called the frogstay or bolt. The sensitive frog falls into the inverted arch of the horny frog, which are thus held mutually in place and preserved from external shock. The sole is an irregular plate of horn, closing up the lower opening of the foot, of an arched form, abutting everywhere against the sides of the wall, another contrivance for securing elasticity. The foot of the horse, therefore, though solid in front, is partially cleft behind, so that the terms solidungula and solipoda cannot strictly be applied to it; indeed a solid, continuous, unyielding circle of horn would be very painful if not entirely useless as an instrument of active progression; this beautiful structure, however, is sadly interfered with in almost all methods of shoeing. Immediately under the hoof are extensive cartilages, attached to the last two bones, protecting the upper part of the structure and adding greatly to the elasticity of the foot, and permitting the movements of the coffin bone within the hoof; in old horses these cartilages may become partially ossified, and are then called ring-bones. Under the hoof is also a very sensitive and vascular layer, from which the hoof originates, analogous to the soft core of hollow horns and the matrix of nails. The eyes of the horse are large, and the sight excellent, and capable of distinguishing objects by night; the ears are large and very movable, and the sense of hearing very acute, as in other timid and comparatively defenceless animals; the sense of smell is also acute, as is seen in their selection of food and in the recognition of their masters; the cutaneous sense is very fine, and the tactile powers of their movable lips exquisite. The food is exclusively vegetable, in a state of nature. The time of gestation is about 11 mouths, and the foal in the domesticated state sucks 6 or 7 months; the sexes are separated at 2 years, at 3 they may be broken, and at 4 be ridden. The disposition of the horse is naturally gentle and confident, which qualities have made it the most useful of animals in all the arts of peace and war; it is bold, however, in the defence of its young, and occasionally an animal is vicious, either naturally or from bad treatment in youth. As we have horses varying in size from the Shetland pony to the Flanders dray horse, and in proportions from the thorough-bred racer to the Canadian cob, with every variety of color, so we find great diversity in their moral qualities; some are bold, intelligent, or good-natured, and

others timid, stupid, or cross, and by care or from neglect each of these qualities becomes the characteristic of a race. Their movements are many; beside the walk, trot, gallop, and amble, pace, or rack, some horses gallop with the fore legs and trot with the hind, others move each leg separately in succession, and others execute many artificial movements, the result of education. The horse is quick to perceive and has an excellent memory, two qualities which render his education easy and extensive; he is capable of deep and lasting attachment. The neigh or voice of the horse is well known, the females exercising it less frequently than the males. The horse rarely lives to a greater age than 30 years, and is not serviceable for speed or very hard work for more than half this period. In compact form, elegance of proportions, and grace of movement, combining speed and strength, it is surpassed by no animal; sculptors and painters have made the horse the subject of their chisels and pencils, and poets, sacred and secular, have sung its praises from time immemorial. Almost every part of the horse after death is useful to man; his skin is valuable for gloves, his hair for making cloth, his bones for buttons and for grinding into fertilizers, his flesh as food for hounds if not for man, his hoofs for making glue, and his intestines for the manufacture of delicate membranous tissues; so that the horse, said in ancient fable to have been created by Neptune as the animal most useful to man, can safely lay claim, both living and dead, to being of the greatest value to the human race. The experience of continental Europe has amply proved that horse flesh is a savory, nutritious, and wholesome article of food; in France scientific committees appointed by government have thoroughly investigated the subject, and have pronounced from specimens before them on the table that, whether in soup, roasted, boiled, or otherwise cooked, it is fully equal to beef.The original native country of the horse is not certainly known; but he was most probably first brought under the subjection of man in central Asia or in the part of northern Africa adjacent to Nubia and Abyssinia. Useful as is the horse to man, his more humble brother, the ass, was preferred by nations of remote antiquity, from its easier management, hardier nature, and the homelier, cheaper, and less abundant food required to keep it in good condition; when greater wealth, with its consequent wars and pursuits of distant commerce, became common, the more lordly, strong, swift, and expensive horse was highly prized; the number existing in Egypt, Asia, Greece, and Rome, and used for warlike purposes, was very great. Horses exist in the wild state in northern Asia and in America, the feral descendants of individuals formerly domesticated; in such cases they live in large troops, as on the prairies of the West, the pampas of South America, and the plains of Tartary, conducted in their wanderings and battles by an old male who has conquered