But little has to be said concerning the archæology of the Brahúi country. It contains but few ruins, and none of any very great importance. Of coins, but few have been found within its limits; of inscriptions (I believe) none. That some, however, exist is specially stated. It should be remembered, however, that, with the exception of Pottinger and Masson, few Europeans have, at one and the same time, explored the country, and given an account of their explorations. Hence the statement that "of its Greek rulers we have no vestiges," is one which future discoveries may not improbably modify. A city was founded in Arachosia by Demetrius. Near Kelaut are the sites of three towns-of Sorra Bek, of Kuki, and of a third with an unknown name. These, however, seem to have belonged to the times of the Kalifat.

At Mehara, in the hills, to the east of Kelaut, are a few caves and cave-temples; also the remains of what is called a city of the infidels (Kafirs); also walls and parapets of stone-works of the infidels too. Hinglatz, in Luz, is a sacred spot, visited by both Hindu and Mahometan pilgrims. It is in the eyes of the latter, at least, the shrine of the Bíbí Nání = the Lady Mother. It is suggested by Wilson that, word for word, Nani is Nanaia, the name of a goddess, which appears on many of the Caubul coins.

Let us now assume, provisionally, that the Brahúis are Indian, and ask (such being the case) what are the western boundaries of India? Where does it begin?

If the Brahúis be as Indian as their language is believed to make them, and if the Gitshki and Minguls, and Rakshanis, be Brahúi, the Indian area must be carried as far north as Noshky, and as far west as Punghír and Kij. If so, half Mekran is Brahúi. Noshky touches the Baraich districts of Shorabuk, and all but touches Seis

taun. It is watered by the river Kaiser.

It is the oc

cupancy of the Rakshanis, upon whom the Minguls from the parts about Kelaut have encroached. They reside in

tents.

Panjghur, an agricultural district, is cultivated by the Gitshki; as is Kij-after which begins the territory of the Imaum of Muskat on the south, and Persia proper on the north.

That India, then, in some shape or other, has a great extension westward is manifest. It shows itself long before we get to the Indus. Indeed, it is by no means easy to say where India begins or Persia ends.

CHAPTER XXXV.

Foreign influences in India.—Bacchic (?).— Assyrian (?).—Persian.—Turanian.-Macedonian.-Arab.-Afghan.-Turk (Tshagatai).

Of the invasions of India, the chief are

1. The conquest by Bacchus.-Whether this be so purely mythic as is generally believed will be considered in the sequel. Say, however, that it is ever so much so. The belief in its existence shows, at least, that Greece and India were contained in the same world of fiction. Now, where there is a community of fiction there are also other points of contact-direct or indirect.

2. The conquest by Semiramis.-This, if real, would introduce Assyrian influences.

3. The Persian conquest.-In order for any part of India to have become a part of the empire of Darius conquest from Persia must have been effected.

4. Turanian conquest.-If no conquest from Turania had been effected the term Indo-scythæ would be nonexistent.

5. The Macedonian conquest, ending in a permanent occupation of Bactria, has already been noticed. This brought Greece upon the Indus.

6. The Arab conquest.—In the forty-fourth year of the Hejra, the Mahometans appear on the frontier of India— the Mahometans of the Kalifat, Arabs in language and nationality. Their impression, however, is but slight. They invade, and retire from, Multan ; but the occupancy

A.D. 711.

A.H. 92.

is partial, and the withdrawal early. They also invade Sind, but not, in the first instance, effectually. Forty-eight years later, in the reign of Walid, begin what may be called the campaigns and conquests of Mohammed Casim, a brave, skilful, and successful general. They end in the reduction of Multan and Sind. How much further his arms penetrated is doubtful. There is a notice of his having begun a march toward Canuj, in which he succeeded in reaching a place which seems to have been Udipur. His actual conquests, however, we limit to the above-named countries, the countries most immediately on the Persian or Afghan frontier. I imagine that his army was largely recruited from Persia, it being expressly stated that it was raised at Shiraz.

The conquests of Casim were made over to his successor, in whose family they remained for about thirty-six years, when a native insurrection, of which we do not know the details, ended in the ejection of the Mahometans and the restoration of Sind and Multan to the Hindus. This state of things lasted 250 years-from 750 to 1000, there or thereabouts.

The Turk conquests.-The first undoubted Turk dynasty in India was founded A.D. 1000-say when Canute was King of England. Its founder's name was Mahmud. He was governor of Korasan under the Samanid successors of the Caliphs. His chief town was Ghuzni, so that he is called Mahmud of Ghuzni, or Mahmud the Ghuznivid, he and his descendants forming the Ghuznivid dynasty. His father was a Turk, Sebek-tegin (a Turk compound) by name. He was originally a slave, his patron and predecessor in the occupancy of Ghuzni having been a slave also; also a Turk.

Such the dynasty. The country from which India was

invaded, the kingdom of this dynasty, was Caubul. It was in the parts about Ghuzni that Alp-tegin first found the nucleus of his empire. One historian states that he had with him, when he first attempted his independence, 3000 Mamelukes; and a Mameluke, at this time, would be a Turk, not (what he is now) a Circassian, or something else of mixed blood and no definite extraction. He would, doubtless, too, have numerous additions from the Ghuzni district itself, and these would be chiefly Afghans. Let us say, then, that the bulk of what Mahmud of Ghuzni, or his father, Sebek-tegin, may have called the army of India, was Turk and Afghan, without going too minutely into the question as to how far the two terms mean the same thing. I imagine, too, there must have been in it Persians, Lughmanis, and perhaps Biluches.

The hostilities that led to the Ghuznivid conquest of India began with Sebek-tegin, but the conquest itself was the work of Mahmud. The opponents to both were the Rajputs of western and northern Rajasthan.

The descendants of Sebek-tegin held India from the death of Mahmud, A.D. 1030, to that of Khusru Malik, A.D. 1186. They were all Turk on the father's side at least-probably on the mother's as well. The succeeding dynasties are all Turk.

Tamerlane retired from India A.D. 1399. For two months after Tamerlane's departure there was anarchy, then the rule of a chief named Ekbal, then the restoration of Mahmud; who is succeeded by another chief, Doulat Khan Lodi, who, at the end of fifteen months, is expelled by the governor of the Punjab. This takes place fourteen years after Tamerlane's departure; during, however, Tamerlane's lifetime.

It is as a subordinate to Tamerlane that the governor of the Punjab, who expels Doulat Khan Lodi, affects to