of the public schools and those who had started into office work and give them such an elementary trade education as would allow them better chances to gain an opening in practical work. The school was established in 1892 and now provides classes in manual training, carpentry, plumbing, mechanical drawing, freehand drawing, sheet metal work, applied design, electrical work and printing. Boys under 12 are generally started in the manual training class and promoted to the trade class. The average age of the boys in the classes is 13 with an upper limit of 16 years of age. The electrical classes are limited to those 15 years of age or over. A fee of five to twenty-five cents a month is exacted, which covers all the expenses. About 250, boys are enrolled, each year grouped in small classes of about 16 each. A budget of $5,000 is required to maintain the school, of which $1,000 goes for the building.

PREPARATORY TRADE SCHOOL, NEW YORK CITY.

The Preparatory Trade School, established in 1903, has for its object to give the boys and girls of the east side a practical knowledge and love of trades, to teach them to do good work and to become good citizens. The work is conducted entirely in the evening, and the courses taught include manual drawing, dressmaking, millinery, mechanical drawing, carpentry drawing, carpentry, plumbing and bricklaying. About 254 were enrolled in the year 1907-8. For children between 10 and 14 years of age the instruction is elementary and general; those over that age enter the special trade classes. A nominal tuition fee is charged. The total budget of the school is about $5,000, raised by subscriptions and donations.

PRACTICAL EVENING COURSES.

Certain of the institutions already mentioned, together with a number of others, provide practical courses in the evening. The large office of such classes is to give to those already started in the trades as learners a better opportunity to advance than is afforded in practical work, and to broaden the training of those employed as helpers and machine tenders to that of skilled workThe policy of these schools, however, as to the admission is

ers.

rather varied. In some institutions admission is confined strictly to those already at work in the trade, in others such applicants are given a preference over others, while a few schools are open to beginners as well as those who have already entered the trade.

The fact that both the house and machine building trades require large numbers of employees as helpers and machine tenders who have little opportunity to broaden their training, and among whom there exist many young men of ambition capable of becoming skilled workmen, gives the evening trade school an important and legitimate place in the field of industrial education. Whether such classes offer an adequate method for training beginners is a question upon which there are divided opinions. The evening school also presents an opportunity to the journeyman whose training has been specialized or limited to gain instruction which qualifies him for advanced work.

The New York Trade School offers courses in house, fresco and sign painting, blacksmithing, steam and hot water fitting, bricklaying, plastering, cornice and skylight work, pattern drafting for sheet metal work, electrical work, pattern making, printing and plumbing. The term for evening classes is about six months in length. Classes meet for 21⁄2 hours each on three or four evenings a week. The attendance of three consecutive terms, with one exception where only two terms are required, is necessary to qualify for a certificate.

The evening trade classes at Pratt Institute have already been mentioned. Practical evening trade classes are maintained at three manual training schools of the city of New York. The Stuyvesant School in Manhattan is for men and boys, and provides courses in carpentry, joinery, cabinet making, blacksmithing, plumbing, machine shop work, printing and typesetting and electrical wiring and installation.

The schools in Brooklyn and Long Island City admit women and girls as well and offer, in addition, courses in advanced dressmaking, millinery and domestic science. Additional courses in mathematics, in freehand, architectural and mechanical drawing, machine design, applied electricity, steam engineering, industrial chemistry and applied physics are maintained at each of the above schools. Those only are admitted who are not in at

tendance at a day school and who are employed during the day in some regular occupation. Pupils under 21 years of age are required to furnish to the principal of the school a recommendation from their employers or other responsible person to the effect that it is the intention of these pupils to continue in the course until the end of the year. These classes are in session for a total of 120 nights, on 4 nights a week.

ROCHESTER ATHENAEUM AND MECHANICS INSTITUTE.

The Rochester Athenaeum and Mechanics Institute, founded in 1885, is divided into five departments, all of which maintain evening classes. In 1907-8 there was an enrollment of 1,662 in these evening classes. The practical trade classes include wood work, comprising carpentry, joinery, cabinet making, pattern making, and molding, and iron work, comprising forge work, machine shop practice, metal work and jewelry, and sign painting.

The evening technical and art classes comprise mechanical drawing and machine design, statics, shop mechanics, steam engineering, gas engineering, electricity, chemistry, mathematics, freehand drawing design, architectural drawing, modeling and pottery, sewing, dressmaking, millinery and cookery. Moderate fees are charged in all classes, and the expenses, which in 1907-8 were $78,043.43, are met from the tuition fees and from voluntary subscriptions.

TECHNICAL EVENING HIGH SCHOOL, BUFFALO.

The Technical Evening High School maintained by the city of Buffalo provides practical courses in carpentry, joinery, electrical work, forging, plumbing, steam fitting, pattern making and machine shop practice as well as classes in architectural drawing, architectural design, gas engineering, steam engineering, mechanical drawing, machine design, sheet metal drafting, mathematics, mechanics, physics and chemistry. The attendance in these classes during the year 1908-9 is 769. In order to prevent overcrowding by irresponsible registration a fee of $1 is charged. This is returned if the student's attendance is satisfactory. The evening classes have grown to the full capacity of the Technical High School and classes in arithmetic and first

year mechanical drawing have been crowded out into six of the grammar school buildings.

TECHNICAL EVENING COUrses.

The largest work of industrial education in point of numbers is that represented by institutions giving supplementary evening instruction in drawing, mathematics, science and technical subjects to those already started in practical work. Many of the institutions providing such instruction maintain also practical trade courses, as noted above; in other cases technical instruction alone is given.

Cooper Union was established in 1859 by Peter Cooper for the advancement of science and art. The most important work of the institution has been performed through its evening classes, in which 142,158 students have been enrolled during its fifty years of existence.

The evening courses at the present time include a five-year course in general science, a five-year course in chemistry, a fouryear course in electrical engineering and courses of shorter length in mechanical, architectural and freehand drawing, decorative design and clay modeling. The so-called course in general science, which has been in operation since 1864, is an individual feature of the work of the institution. It has gradually become a course in the fundamentals of mechanical and civil engineering, embracing mathematics, science, drawing and technology, and requires attendance for four or five evenings a week for a period of five years. The enrollment in the fifth year of this course is about 50 per cent of that in the first year.

Cooper Union maintains also a day technical school with a four-year course, a women's art school and courses in stenography and telegraphy. The enrollment for the present year, 1908–9, is 2,400 in evening courses and 565 in day courses. A free public library, especially strong in technical and art works, is maintained by the union as well as a museum of decorative art containing very valuable and comprehensive collections.

All instruction at Cooper Union is free. The budget for the year ending December 31, 1908, was $152,983.14. The institution is, in main, supported by endowment funds amounting to $2,797,727.67.

The Mechanics Institute is maintained by the General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the city of New York. The Mechanics School and Apprentices Library were founded by the society in 1820, and both have been in continuous operation since that date. Classes are now maintained in architectural drafting, plan reading, estimating, mechanical drawing, machine design, drafting for sheet metal workers, drafting for electrical workers, pattern office drafting, ship drafting, topographical drafting, mechanism, drafting of gasoline engines and automobile parts, carriage and automobile drafting, freehand drawing, decorative design, clay modeling, mathematics, applied mechanics, physics and electrical work.

The enrollment for the year 1908-9 is 2,017. A diploma is granted for the completion of a three-year course in any subject. Instruction is free to males employed during the day, and the student body is largely made up of young men employed in the building and machine industries of New York City. The expenses of the school for the year ending December 31, 1908, were $21,378.43. These expenses are met by the income of the society derived from property and a special endowment for the school.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.

A number of evening courses in scientific and technical subjects are offered at Columbia University. Young men desiring higher technical knowledge in their trades and professions are admitted to these classes without examination on the payment of fees. The courses offered during the present year are:

Applied mechanics.- Drafting; elements of machine design; engines and boilers.

Applied physics.- Management of building plants.

Architecture. Architectural drafting; architectural practice; elements of architectural design; history of ancient, mediæval and oriental architecture.