pears also in a compartment before described as containing characters in the back ground. Fancy may perhaps have had some share in making this resemblance, but it is vastly curious and striking whether remarked before or not. ||

(11.) On each side of the grand bust, forming the front of two ¶ pilasters between it and its neighbouring compart

ments, are two colossal males in a standing posture, leaning on dwarfs.

(12.) All the niches and figures around the sides of the principal cave have now been noticed, but a detached * room in its body remains to be described. It is about twenty feet square internally, excavated like the whole of the cavern, out of the rock. It fills the space between four pillars midway between the compartment last described and that containing the supposed marriage ceremony, but not so im

mediately between them as to intercept

the line of light from one to the other. The walls of this room extend from the

teen feet and a half, many of which are broken, some just above the basement, others under the capital, which with part of the shaft, remains adhering to the roof, being, as well as the floor, part of one and the same original rock.‡

(15.) The whole of the main body of the cave has now been noticed. There

yet remains to be spoken of, two side caves to the north and south, on a line || nearly with the bust, or back part of the grand cave, with which they were heretofore connected by a passage under the same roof, but now disjoined by the falling in of stones and rubbish.

(16.) The one to the § south may be called a viranda, about twenty feet wide and sixty long, open to the eastward, with pillars and pilasters like the grand On the right as you enter, (after passing on your right the ¶ compartment

cave.

in which is the woman suckling a child) is an end viranda, or recess, about

the original rock. A door-way is in the centre of each side of the room about five feet wide and eight high. There are no doors, but holes are observable at top and bottom where posts may have been inserted. Inside, the walls are plain, and the room is nearly filled with a monstrous Linga, inserted in the Yoni, pointing to the east; on which side opposite the door in that face, are the remains of a cow's or bull's head, heretofore apparently perforated for carrying off liquids poured over the Linga, through the animal's mouth. Around the edge of the pedestal of the Linga is a channel leading to the head.

(13.) But the most striking points of this room are the external grenadier-centinel-like figures on each side of the four door-ways. They are about sixteen feet high, stand pretty upright, have highly ornamented caps, finished in a style of minute elegance, as are also their other ornaments and parts of dress: one is leaning on a dwarf. +

(14.) The roof of the cave is seventeen feet from the floor, it is apparently supported by twenty-six pillars, distant four

See Note 10.

of the longer viranda, of which it is the north end.

A figure of + Ganesa is seen at one end looking to the east; along the back are ‡ eight or nine standing figures about seven feet high. This viranda or recess is darkish, and has some water standing over its floor; and it is not easy to discern what the figures in it may be.

(17.) Facing this recess, at the other end of the viranda, is § another, similar in depth, but without figures. If it ever had any, of which there is some appearance, they have been destroyed.

(18.) A room ** about fifteen feet square occupies the center between these two end virandas, but does not project between them, as its front side is on a line with the back part of the long viranda, out of which a door-way leads into the room. This room is insulated on its three other sides by a viranda or gallery ten feet wide, cut round in the rock, and its ends open to the long viranda.

See Note 12. § 19 in the plan. 14 in the plan.

Before noticed, marked 4. 7. in the plan. 12 in the plan. † See Note 11,

16 in the plan.

18 in the plan.

See Note 13. 9 in the plan. †15 in the plan. § 17 in the plan.

NOTES.

Here my account made or corrected in the cavern, ends; and ends as it begins, abruptly. It makes no mention of the contents of the room last described, which my memory allows me to say, is a vast conical stone Linga, not, like that before described in the room in the body of the cave, marked 12, filling its area, but leaving space between its base and the walls of the room for circumambulation. A little rice, a few flowers,

white hair of a wild cow, for whisking flies from important persons or objects. The handle is sometimes of ivory, silver, or of more costly materials. The name is more correctly chamara.

(4) Plate 18 of the Hindu Pantheon represents the Hindu Olympus, with an assemblage of the gods of that idolatrous race. Vishnu is there seen

about a farthing), laid before the Linga, denoted a recent votary, humble, but probably sincere.

The side cave to the north, cor

nearly as here described.

(5) Tales of Amazons, not very dissimilar to those popularly current in Europe, are found in the writings of both Hindus and Mahommedans.

Some notice on this subject, that may point the way to further inquiry, (which it is worth while,

perhaps, to pursue,) is given in Moor's Tract on Hindu Infanticide, p. 82.

(6) These are supposed to be flower-showerers,

personages of frequent mention in the romantic and mythological machinery of the Hindus. They are called pushpa-vrishti, that is, flower-showerers. See Hin. Pan, I am in some doubt if the compartment under description contains more than one pair of these elegant figures, though two pair are noted in my memoranda.

(7) The name is omitted in the memoranda. Pancha-mukhi, meaning five-faced, was doubtless

also unnoticed in the above account. Whatever may have been its form and subjects, they are now scarcely determinable, from the falling in of rubbish. There are the remains of rooms, pillars, pilasters, and figures; and in a sort of hole or well, marked 19 in the plan, is very fine water.

On each side of the grand bust. is a dark room, marked 20-21 in the plan. Their dimensions are not ascertained, eighteen or twen

Siva. See Hin, Pan.

(10) I agree, however, that if it be so striking, it is equally so that it should not have been remarked by others, which is, I believe, the case.

I recollect shewing it to some companions of my

visit, who readily recognized the resemblance.

(11) These figures are, I conclude, of mere twohanded fone-headed men, from my not having

noted any extras, or particular attributes. I

recollect, among other ornaments, the mystical zennaar, mentioned in note 9 above; and as this triple thread is always worn next the skin, we may judge these persons to be more elaborately

ornamented than clad. From their stature, they

must rise from the floor to the architrave,

(12) I have not noted an architrave, but I think I recollect that one is carried from pillar to pillar

throughout the whole of the cave.

(13) My sketches of the ground plan were not

connected at the moment of making them; and I

am not quite certain as to the relative position of these two side caves, or wings. My recollection would lead me to suspect the one to the south is more distant from the main cave than is indfeated by the plan.

with rubbish, and inhabited by bats.

In conclusion, I may remark, that I have compared several descriptions of the cave, and prints of some of its parts, with the subjects themselves, and found all incomplete in generals, and inaccurate in particulars. A good and full description is still wanted. And such a one, combining an exact measurement of the ground plan and the other parts, accurate representations of the groupes and figures, and an account of the Pantheistic cavern, would I think intelligent gentleman of Bombay, profitably occupy the time of some and be well received by the pub

lic.

E. M.

SIR,

Owing to the despotic governments of the East, it has been found prudent with their philosophers to make their sovereign sensible of any act of notorious wickedness through the means of a parable; and Nathan, though a prophet and addressing a king after God's own heart, deemed it best to adopt this method of making David aware of his being an adulterer and murderer of the very worst sort. Sadi tells us that, "they asked Alexander the Great "how he came so readily to subdue the ancient monarchies of "the east and west; for that the

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Men of sense esteem him not magnanimous, who speaks with contumely of the mighty that are gone: a throne and good fortune, command and prohibition, sovereign power and dominion, all those are vanity? once they have passed away. but traduce not the fame of such as have preceded you, that a memorial may hereafter remain of thine own reputation.

During our eleventh century Sultan Mahmud of Gazna subdued Hindustan twelve different times, and carried off immense plunder; but being most intolerant in his religious principles, neither he nor his successors made any permanent settlement in India. Other Muhammadan tribes of Afghans and Patans were after him more successful, because though less distinguished by the splendour of their arms, they were more liberal to the native institutions of the country. Even the great Timour, though he carried victory and rapine into India, made no permanent settlement; yet it was destined for his descendants in the persons of

Hamaiun and Babar, when positive exiles from their own country to establish themselves at Delhi: and during their reigns, and those of their immediate successors Acbar, Jihangir and Shahjihan, one of the greatest monarchies flourished, in the dynasty of what is called the Great Moghul, that modern times have witnessed, and continued in the full lustre of it's glory for upwards of two hundred years. This was chiefly owing to the liberality of their government, particularly of the three last sovereigns, in religious matters; so much so indeed, that the Muftis and other learned doctors of the Muhammadan faith had as bad an opinion of them, as Dr. Claudius Buchanan and some of our late missionaries in India have of the East-India Company. In order to gratify his own sect, Acbar ordered one of his most learned Mulavis, a Pundit on the part of the Hindus, and a famous Portuguese missionary who resided at his court, to

توریت

discuss in open court before him the merits of their respective faiths; and was so well pleased with the arguments of the last, that he desired him to procure a translation of the Chronicles, the Prophets and the Gospel, having already he observed the Tawrit and Zabour, or Pentateuch and psalms in the antient Zand language, or dialect of Persia, which was appropriated by Zartasht to religion, and in which according to oriental history those books were originally written; but it does not appear from Acbar's annals, from which I extract this anecdote, that this liberal request was ever complied with; the Pope, to whom the missionary referred it, refusing his sanction to any translation of the Scriptures at that particular juncture, when Luther and the other reformers gave him so much trouble in Europe; and thus was one of the best opportunities of propagating the Christian religion sacrificed to that antichristian doctrine of making a secret of its mysteries. Jehangir and Shah-jihan were equally liberal towards the Hindus and Christians; but Dara Shokoh, the heir apparent of the last, being more imprudent in his ill-timed and avowed patronage, fell a victim to the Muhammadan doctors, who had long been seeking such an opportunity, and to the hypocrisy of his brother the famous Aurangzeeb; who after deposing his father and putting his three more open minded brothers to death established the long reign of intolerance in Hindustan, which led ultimately to the present degraded state of the Moghul dynasty, and the establishment of the English Company in its room. Let us take a lesson by this concise retrospect, and not be persuaded to risk the stability of that wonderful empire, which has grown into its present majestic state chiefly through a very different

Asiatic Journ.-No. 18.

conduct. That Providence, which so late made our nation the instrument of restoring liberty to Europe, has it perhaps in embryo also to convert the pagan world through us to Christianity in India; and our first step should be to prevail on the Musulmans, who though now residents there for a thousand years are still in the proportion of but one to ten of the Hindus. For this purpose it were proper for us mutually to understand their sentiments of Christianity, and our sentiments of Muhammadanism.

Some years ago it was my good fortune to read Persian for several months with one of the few learned Mulavis, that are still to be met with in Bengal, who came as Munshi to the civil chief at the out-of-the-way station where I then resided, and falling occasionally on the subject of the politics and religion of our respective governments, it was he that first made me aware, that the liberal party among themselves ascribed the late misfortunes of the House of Timour to the hypocrisy, murderous disposition and intolerance of Aurangzeeb, who passed the last thirty years of his long reign in the Dakhan or South of India, and in endeavouring to retrieve the errors of the first twenty; but the unsubdued spirit of the Hindus, which his illustrious predecessors had lulled to sleep by their generosity, was awakened by his bigotry and fanaticism, and had already laid the foundation of the Mahratta Empire. Taking their ideas of Christianity from the Portuguese and other Catholics, my preceptor like all his Musulman brethren considered the English of India, if they had any other religion but the worship of money, to be idolators and polytheists; and I had much ado to make him comprehend, that we were dissenters from the doctrine of the Pope of Rome; and meeting him afterwards in Calcutta I got him introduced VOL. III. 32