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Suppression of Monasteries. Subversion of the Constitution. Imprisonments and
Emigrations. Emigrants from Brabant assemble at Breda. Sequestration of all
the Abbeys of Brabant. Efforts for the Prevention of Insurrection. Conspiracy
against the Austrian Government discovered. Attempt to check Emigration in
vain. Declaration of the States of Brabant from Breda. Letter from the Cardinal
Archbishop of Malines to the Pope respecting the Conduct of the Emperor, and
State of the Country. Insurrections. Valour and Success of the Insurgents.
Engagement at Turnhout and at Tirlemont. Action between the Austrians and
Patriots in the open Field. The Patriots become Masters of the Town and Citadel
of Ghent. Relaxation of Discipline in the Austrian Armies. Advantages arising
to the Patriots from the Reduction of Ghent. The Emperor endeavours to
reconcile the Provinces to his Government by fair Promises. Daring Attempt of a
Band of Patriots in the Capital of Brabant. Succeeds. The Austrians driven out
of Brussels. Rejoicings at Brussels. The States assume the Reins of Government.
Confederation between the States of Brabant and those of Flanders. Acceded
to by all the other Provinces, except Limbourg. The United Belgic States
provide for their Security, by raising an Army. The Austrian Netherlands at
this Time the principal Object of Political Attention. Reflections on the usual
State of weaker, when united to stronger States. Splendid Hopes from the
Emancipation of the Provinces from the Yoke of Austria.
CHAP. III.
25
Miserable Effects of Newfangled and Democratical Principles. Patriotic Assembly
instituted at Brussels. Their Reasonings and Claims. Political Constitution of
the Provinces of the Netherlands. The Principles and Pretensions of the Patriotic
Assembly offensive to the Nobility and Clergy. Means employed by these Orders
for quashing the Doctrines of the Democrats. Effects of these. State of Parties.
Preponderating Influence of the Clergy. Measures taken by the Nobility for the
Recovery of their Popularity. Without any considerable Effect. Popular Discon
tents rise to a Pitch of Restlessness and Commotion. Troops employed for the Preserva-
tion of the Peace. Jealousies between the ruling Powers and the Leaders of the Army.
General Vandermersch arrests Deputies sent with Orders to the Army from the Con-
gress. Declared Generalissimo by the Officers of the Army. Other Encroachments
in the Power of Congress. Vandermersch suddenly and shamefully abandoned by the
Army. Imprisoned in the Citadel of Antwerp. Charges brought against him. Duke
of Ursel persecuted by Congress. The Congress becomes unpopular and odious to the
Bulk of the People. Imprisonment of Vandermersch resented by his Countrymen the
People of Flanders. Declining State of the new Government. Expectations from
the Accession of Leopold II, to the Austrian Dominions. Almost, though not entirely
disappointed. Memorial of Leopold to the Inhabitants of the Netherlands. Criticisms
on that Piece... Conduct of Leopold vindicated. Character of Sovereign Princes in
general. The Firmness of Leopold revives a Party in his Favour. Quick Increase
of the Loyalists, in both Numbers and Courage. Arguments in Favour of a Reunion
with the House of Austria, and of Hereditary Monarchy in general. Letter to Con-
gress from the King of Prussia. Blind Ambition, Obstinacy, and Rashness of Con-
gress. Notification to Congress of the Terms of Reconciliation between his Imperial
Majesty and the Belgic Nation. Consented to by the three allied and mediating
Powers. Strange Obstinacy of Congress. A Degree of Reunion among the discor-
dant Parties in the Netherlands brought about by a common Hatred of the Austrian
Government. Hostilities renewed with great Animosity. Two of the Provinces that
remained in Obedience to the Austrians. A great Resource to the Austrians. Rapid
Growth of Ambition. Character of the Brabanters. Wild Schemes of Conquest.
Repulse of the Brabanters from Limbourg. Various Encounters. A large Austrian
Army marches against the Low Countries. Attempts of Congress to rouze the Nation
to
to Perseverance in Arms against the Austrians. Made in vain. Various Proposals
for Reconciliation. Rejected by the Austrians. The Austrians, under General
Bender, enter Brabant. All the Provinces submit again, on very favourable Con-
ditions, to the House of Austria, Reflections.
CHAP. IV.
4.5
Peace on the Ground of the Status quo, rejected by the Empress of Russia. Ambitious
Designs of the Empress, opposed by Prussia and Great Britain. Heroic Courage of
the King of Sweden. Means for gaining over the Nation at large to his Views, and
raising the necessary Supplies for the War. The King puts himself at the Head of
his Forces, and enters Russian Savolax. His Successes. Ten Thousand Russians
defeated by Three Thousand Swedes at Carnakoski. Reduction of the Russian Fort
Valkiala. Other Advantages. The King of Sweden at the Head of his Galleys,
takes or destroys the Russian Galley- Fleet, in the Harbour of Fredericksham. En-
gagements between the Swedish Fleet, under the Duke of Sudermania, and the Russian
Fleet. The Swedes prepare to make an Attack on the Town and Harbour of Wybourg.
Perilous Situation of the Swedes. Escape with immense Loss to Sweaborg. Defeat
of the Russian Fleet, under the Prince of Nassau, by the Swedish Fleet, under the
Command of the King. Inclination to Peace on the Part of Russia and Sweden.
Peace between these Powers concluded. The King of Sweden prepares to attack the
ruling Powers, and to restore the Monarchy of France. Meeting at Pilnitz. This
the Centre of the Affairs of Europe, 1791. Real Object of the Meeting at Pilnilz.
Substance of a Circular Letter from the Emperor Leopold to the Sovereign Powers.
Russia and Sweden the first Powers that openly declared an Intention to succour the
Royal Family of France. Speech of Gustavus to the Swedish Diet. Reflections on the
Importance of Hereditary Wealth and Honours in a State. These a Barrier against
Monarchical Encroachments, on the one Hand, and the Levity of the People on the other.
Plan of the King of Sweden for a Descent on France. Discouraged by the Emperor,
but persevered in by the King. Assassination, Illness, Death, and Character of the
King of Sweden.
64
CHAP. V.
Rejoicings at Petersburgh on Account of the Peace with Sweden. An Ambition of Conquest
the ruling Passion of the Empress. The Pacification of Werelaiaa Countermine to the
Convention of Reichenbach. Effects of this on the Minds of the Turks. Resentments
against the Swedes. Misplaced. The King of Sweden's Conduct in making Peace
with Russia vindicated. The haughty Spirit of the Empress reduced by the Allies
within the Bounds of greater Circumspection and Caution. Cessation of Hostilities
on the Danube. Vigorous Preparations for War on the part of the Ottomans. Naval
Engagements. Heroic Achievements of a Greek Squadron, under the Colours and
Auspices of Russia, and of a Body of Greeks at Land. A Concert formed between
the Czarina and the Greeks, for emancipating that Nation from the Mahomedan
Yoke. Deputies from the People of Greece sent to Petersburgh. How received, Great
and extensive Plan of the Greeks, for expelling the Turks from Europe. Approved
by the Empress, who gives Earnest of future Succours in Case of certain Events.
Russian Plan for a Winter Campaign on the Danube. Turkish Army under Batal
Bey, on the Side of Asia, routed and totally ruined. The strong Fortress and Town of
Ismailow taken by Storm, after a noble Defence, by General Suvarof. Dreadful and
unheard of Mussacre there. Various Actions between the Turks and Russians. Trea-
ty of Peace concluded suddenly at Galatz.
85
CHAP.
CHAP. VI.
Situation of Poland at the Close of 1790. Poland treated with Insolence by the Courts
of Petersburgh and Vienna. Sound Policy of an Alliance between Poland and Prussia.
Unusual Condescendence of the Courts of Vienna and Petersburgh. Awakened Spirit
and Patriotism of the Polish Nation. Abolition of the permanent Council, and
Establishment of a permanent Diet in Poland. Concessions to the Poles by the
Russians and Austrians. Augmentation of the Military Strength of Poland. Situ
ation of Northern and Eastern Europe at the Commencement of 1790. Sketch of a
New Constitution favourable to the Liberty and Happiness of all Ranks. Excites
Jealousy and Alarm in the Courts of Berlin and Petersburgh. King of Prussia de-
mands the Cession of Dantzic and Thorn. Character, Circumstances, and Conduct
of the King of Poland. Patriotic Ardour of the Poles of all Ranks. Decrees of
the Polish Diet in favour of the Commons. The Meeting of the Polish States changed
into a Diet of Confederation; in which all Questions are to be decided by a Majority.
The Diet opened by the King in Person. The Diet absolves the King from his Coro-
nation Oath. Debates in the Diet. The King and the Diet accept, with the Solem-
nity of an Oath, the New Constitution.
108
Erultation of the French at the Confederation. Satisfaction of the Assembly at the Ap-
plause it meets with from the Popular Clubs and Societies in England. Suspicions
occasioned in France by the English Armaments against Spain. Jealousy entertained
against the Emperor. Deliberations in the Assembly concerning an Alliance with
Spain. Domestic Confusions. Continuation of Disturbances in the Colonies. Seve-
ral Regulations for the Internal Government of the Kingdom. Disorders in the Navy.
Discontents in the Army. Motion in the Assembly by M. Duval. Its Con-
sequences. Critical Situation of the King. Designs imputed to the Heads of the Po-
pular Party. Charges against the Duke of Orleans and M. Mirabeau. Both acquit-
ted. Coalition of the Parliaments with the Noblesse against the Assembly. Resist-
ance of the Parliament of Toulouse. Compelled to submit. Zeal of the Parisians
for the New Constitution. Confirmation of the Decrees relating to the Civic
Oath. Refractory dispositions of the Noblesse. Pecuniary Embarrassments.
Fabrication of Assignats. Researches into the Civil and Religious Establishments
in France. Number of Seminaries and Convents belonging to the English Roman
Catholics in that Kingdom. Discovery of the Profusions under the late Government.
Efforts of the Court Party to procure a Junction with Spain against England.
bility of that Party. Decrees in favour of the Descendants of French Protestant Refu
gees in Foreign Parts. Resolute Behaviour of the Adherents to the Noblesse and
Clergy. Conspiracy at Lyons. Anxiety of the Court of Rome at the Transactions in
France. Decree of the Assembly concerning Episcopal Elections. Opposition of the
Court Clergy to this and other Decrees. Address of the University of Paris to the
Assembly. Attachment of the French in Foreign Countries to the New Constitution.
Zealous Perseverance of its Enemies in opposing it. Duel between M. Lameth and
M. Castries. Other Quarrels and violent Proceedings. Reforms in the Adminis-
tration of Justice. Public Revenues before and since the Revolution. Satisfaction
of the Popular Party at the present Situation of Affairs.
CHAP. VIII.
De-
126
Dissatisfaction of the European Princes at the Proceedings of the Assembly. Com
plaints of the German Princes. Letter from the Emperor to the King of France. An
Augmentation of the French Army voted by the Assembly. Affairs of the King's Aunts.
Tumult
Tumult at Vincennes. Insurrection in Britanny. The King limited to the Nomina
tion of Six Ministers. Apprehensions of Hostile Intentions to France from the Em-
peror and the other Absolute Sovereigns in Europe. The Assembly demands an Ex-
planation of his Conduct, and orders Preparations to face its Enemies. Zeal of the.
Revolutionists for the Public Service. Consequences of the Decree for the Civic Ŏath.
Ecclesiastical Affairs. M. Mirabeau President of the Assembly. His Address to
the Deputation from the Quakers. Right of Primogeniture abolished. Sequestration.
Dissatisfaction of the Pope at the New Arrangement of Church Affairs in France.
Death of Mirabeau. Progress of the Assignats. Confidence of the Assembly in their
Strength and Resources. Suspicions of the King's Designs. His Complaint of ill
Treatment, and Declaration to the Public. Conduct of M. la Fayette to the Na-
tional Guards. Menaces of the German Princes. Altercations with the Pope. En-
mity of the Spanish Court to the Revolutionists. Suppression of the Duties on Pro-
visions brought into Paris. Progress of the Assignats. Scarcity of Cash. Appre-
hensions from the Emigrants and Foreign Powers. Message of the Assembly to the
Prince of Condé. Claims of the German Princes taken into Consideration. Decrees
against the Authority of the Pope. Various Decrees for the Security of the Assembly
and the Constitutional Government of the Nation. Increasing Popularity of the As-
sembly. Discontents of the People in Spain at the Government. Progress of the
Spirit of Liberty in various Countries of Europe. Forwarded by the Exertions of the
French. They become odious to Foreign Princes on that Account. Political Opin-
ions current at this Period. Hopes and Projects of the Enemies of the Revolution.
The King's Flight from Paris, and Recapture. Circumstances attending that Event.
Conduct of the Assembly on this Occasion, Declarations of the King and Queen.
Royal Manifesto. Assembly's Reply.
CHAP. IX.
143
M. Bouille's Letter to the Assembly. Commissioners sent to inspect the Frontier.
Violent Feuds in Paris. State of the Public Mind at this Juncture in France, and
in other Countries. Foreign Princes deeply interested in the King of France's Situ
ation. Apprehensions entertained by the Emperor and other Sovereigns. Interference
of the King of Spain in Behalf of the King of France. Slighted by the Assembly
State of Parties at Paris. Progress of Republican Principles in France. Charges
against the Royal Party. Conduct of the Assembly. Ill Consequences of the King's
Flight to the Royal Cause, and to his Adherents. Deliberations in the Assembly
on the Constitutional Code. Decrees against the Emigrants. Insurrection of the
Republican Party quelled. Inviolability of the King's Person confirmed. Threats
of the German Princes. Rumours of a formidable Combination against France.
French Preparations for Defence. Various Orders of Knighthood abolished. Sig-
nature of former Titles prohibited. Decree for appointing a Governor to the King's
Son. Expectations of the Popular Party from the Publication of the Constitutional
Code. Effects produced by the French Revolution in various Parts of Europe. Con-
stitutional Code completed. Endeavours to divide the Assembly into different Houses,
after the Model of the English Parliament. Unsuccessful. Respective Arguments
adduced by the Supporters of the Royal Prerogatives, and by their Opponents. Ideas
entertained by the violent Republicans, and by the Partizans of the old Government.
Character and Conduct of the Abbé Maury. Ecclesiastical Matters. Honours paid
to the Memory and the Remains of Voltaire and Rousseau. Scarcity of Specie and
Depreciation of Paper Money. French Princes and Emigrants. Plan for the
Deliverance of the King-Fails. Divisions in the Assembly. Various Decrees
CHAP. X.
Conduct of the Swiss Cantons, the King of Sweden, and of other Sovereigns towards
France. Avignon incorporated with France. Insurrection in Corsica suppressed. Sus-
picions entertained of the King's Brothers, and the Princes of the Blood Royal. Ad-
monitions to the King. Constitutional Code presented to him. His Conduct on this Oc-
casion highly satisfactory to the Public. Efforts of the Republicans to obstruct the final
Settlement of the Constitution-ineffectual. King's Letter to the Assembly. His
Acceptance of the Constitution. Joy expressed by the French at this Event. Con-
stitution solemnly proclaimed. Protest against it by many Members of the Assembly.
Spirited Opposition of M. Malonne. Violent Debates on the Administration of the
Finances. Dissolution of the Assembly.
CHAP. XI.
198
The Minister announces the prosperous State of the Finances of Great Britain. This
Statement followed immediately by a Declaration of the Necessity of preparing for War
with Spain. Reflections on the annual Million for liquidating the National Debt. The
Spaniards seize English Trading Vessels on the North West Coast of America. Cir-
cumstances that induced and encouraged them to take that bold step. Preparations for
War on the Part of both Spain and Great Britain. Arguments for the Universal Li-
berty of that Commerce, and Freedom of the Ocean; and for a Right of appropriating
unoccupied Land, by Occupancy and Labour. Opposite Sentiments concerning Colo-
nization at the Conclusion of the American War, and in the present Period. A Vote
of One Million for Military Preparations. Tone of the British Nation at the Gene-
ral Election for a New Parliament, 1790.
CHAP. XII.
207
A new Parliament. Speech from the Throne. Various Observations thereon. Motion
for the Papers relating to the Affair at Nootka Sound in both Houses. Negatived
Motion for an Address to his Majesty on the Spanish Convention in both Houses.
Debates thereon. Motion carried. Plan for defraying the Expences of the Spanish
Armament. Impeachment of Mr. Hastings not abated by a Dissolution of Parliament.
Petition of Mr. Hastings, and Motions in Parliament for continuing the Session_until
his Trial should be brought to a Conclusion. That complied with. War in India.
Motions in Parliament for the Production of Papers relative to the Attack of Tippoo
Sultan on the Lines of Travancore. Agreed to. Motions for censuring the War
with Tippoo. Negatived. Resolutions approving the War. Agreed to. Motion
for Leave to bring a Bill into the House of Commons for the Abolition of the Slave
Trade. Negatived. A Bill passed for the Relief of the Protesting Catholics. Motion
for the Relief of the Scots from the Test Act. Negatived.
CHAP. XIII.
221
The Order proper to be observed in Narration. Apology for not always adhering
strictly to that of Time. Message from his Majesty relative to Russia, and the
Augmentation of our Naval Force. The only Terms on which alone the Czarina
was willing to make Peace with the Turks. The Mediation of the Allies for effecting
that Object, hitherto fruitless. Growing Coldness and Jealousies between the Empress
of